The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD), version 2

The Eurasian (née European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughout the Eurasian region. The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database, which is now the primary home for global palaeoecological data. This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number of samples held in the database has been increased by 60 % from 4826 to 8134. Much of the improvement in data coverage has come from northern Asia, and the database has consequently been renamed the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement. The EMPD can be viewed online using a dedicated map-based viewer at https://empd2.github.io and downloaded in a variety of file formats at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909130 (Chevalier et al., 2019)Swiss National Science Foundation | Ref. 200021_16959

The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD), version 2

The Eurasian (nee European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughout the Eurasian region. The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database, which is now the primary home for global palaeoecological data. This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number of samples held in the database has been increased by 60% from 4826 to 8134. Much of the improvement in data coverage has come from northern Asia, and the database has consequently been renamed the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement. The EMPD can be viewed online using a dedicated map-based viewer at https://empd2.github.io and downloaded in a variety of file formats at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909130 (Chevalier et al., 2019).Peer reviewe

Early exposure to the pollutant 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) and differential susceptibility to lung inflammation in male and female C57BL / 6 mice.

Avaliou-se neste estudo a influência da exposição precoce ao poluente 1,2-NQ na resposta inflamatória alérgica em camundongos C57BL/6 machos e fêmeas, na juventude. Tanto nas fêmeas quanto em machos a 1,2-NQ não afetou a hiperreatividade (HR) nas vias aéreas. A HR foi maior nas fêmeas alérgicas, na ausência ou presença da 1,2-NQ. Camundongos machos, mas não fêmeas, tratados com 1,2-NQ + OVA/OVA, exibiram eosinofilia significativa no pulmão, sangue e medula óssea em relação aos controles do mesmo gênero ou das fêmeas. Concentrações aumentas de IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 e INF-g foi mensurado no pulmão, e IgE no sangue periférico dos machos 1,2-NQ + OVA/OVA. A atividade da enzima catalase foi maior no grupo de machos 1,2-NQ + OVA/OVA, mas não fêmeas. O aumento da atividade da catalase está associado a ausência de exacerbação da resposta inflamatória em fêmeas jovens, sugerindo que o aumento da catalase constitui um fator anti-oxidante de controle da exacerbação da resposta inflamatória alérgica frente a exposição precoce a 1,2-NQ, o qual deve ser dependente de hormônios sexuais.This study evaluated the influence of early exposure to the pollutant 1,2-NQ in the allergic inflammatory response in male and female C57BL/6 youth mice. Both females and males mice exposed to 1.2-NQ did not exhibit changes in the airways hyperresponsiveness (HR), while the HR was higher in females allergic, in the absence or presence of 1.2-NQ. Male mice, but not females, treated with 1.2-NQ + OVA / OVA, exhibited a significant eosinophilia in the lung, blood and bone marrow in relation to controls of the same gender or respective female groups. Increased IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and INF-g levels were measured in the lung, and IgE in peripheral blood of male 1.2-NQ + OVA/OVA. The catalase activity was higher in male 1.2-NQ + OVA / OVA, but not females. The increase of catalase activity is associated with the absence of exacerbation of the inflammatory response in young female mice, suggesting that catalase is an antioxidant factor to control exacerbation of allergic inflammatory response in the face of early exposure to 1.2-NQ, which should be dependent on sex hormones

The involvement of the TRPA1 receptor in the differential gender susceptibility to allergic lung inflammation in mice exposed to ambient pollution during neonatal period.

A exposição de camundongos neonatos ao poluente 1,2-naftoquinona (1,2-NQ) induziu maior suscetibilidade dos machos jovens (mas não fêmeas) à asma. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o impacto da 1,2-NQ no pulmão de camundongos jovens machos e fêmeas e averiguar as associações entre os receptores de potencial transitório TRPA1 e a 1,2-NQ. Camundongos machos e fêmeas C57Bl/6 (2-5 g) foram expostos a 1,2-NQ (100 nM). Maior atividade da catalase e expressão (RNAm) do Nrf2 foi observado no pulmão das fêmeas 24 h após a exposição da 1,2-NQ. O estímulo alérgico na puberdade aumentou a atividade da glutationa peroxidase, redutase e S-transferase nas fêmeas que, diferentemente dos machos, não exibiram exacerbação da asma, mas mostraram maior nitração e carbonilação proteica, expressão da eNOS e TRPA1. O antagonismo dos TRPA1 reduziu a eosinofilia pulmonar nos machos e inibiu a [Ca2+]i em cultura de neurônios frente a 1,2-NQ. A ausência susceptibilidade em fêmeas se deve a maior defesa antioxidante e a maturidade pulmonar destas.The mice exposure to 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ), during postnatal period induced increased susceptibility of males (but not females) to asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate the intensity of lung damage to impact of 1,2-NQ on young mice of both sexes, and to investigate the associations between TRPA1 and 1,2-NQ. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice (2-5g) were exposed to 1,2-NQ (100 nM). After 24 h postnatal exposure to 1,2-NQ, only female lungs showed increased catalase activity and Nrf2 mRNA expression. The allergic stimuli at puberty led to increased glutathione peroxidase, reductase and S-transferase activities only in female lung, which, unlike male, did not exhibit exacerbation of asma, but showed increased pulmonary nitration and protein carbonylation, and increased mRNA expression of eNOS and TRPA1. The TRPA1 antagonist reduced eosinophilia in male lung and inhibited the increased [Ca2+]i in dorsal root ganglion neurons culture to 1,2-NQ. The lack of susceptibility in female might be linked to increased antioxidant defenses and the pulmonary maturity

A comparative study on the anti-inflammatory effects of single oral doses of naproxen and its hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-releasing derivative ATB-346 in rats with carrageenan-induced synovitis

BACKGROUND: Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly prescribed agents for arthritic patients, although gastric effects limit their long-term use. Considering the reported gastric safety of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-releasing NSAIDs, in addition to the anti-inflammatory effects of H2S administration to rats with synovitis, we decided to evaluate the effects of the H2S-releasing naproxen derivative ATB-346 in this animal model. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with inhalatory halothane and pre-treated with equimolar oral doses of either naproxen (0.3, 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg) or ATB-346 (0.48, 1.6, 4.8, or 16 mg/kg) 30 min before the i.art. injection of 7.5 mg of carrageenan (CGN) into the right knee joint cavity. Joint swelling and pain score were assessed after 1, 3 and 5 h, and tactile allodynia after 2 and 4 h. After the last measurement, the joint cavity lavages were performed for counting of the recruited leukocytes. The drugs (at the highest doses) were also tested for their gastric effects by evaluating macroscopical damage score and neutrophil recruitment (measured as myeloperoxidase - MPO activity) in the stomachs 5 h after administration of the drugs. In addition, the serum naproxen pharmacokinetic profiles of both compounds, administered at the highest equimolar doses, were obtained during the first 6 h after dosing. RESULTS: At the two highest tested doses, both naproxen and ATB-346 reduced edema and pain score (measured 3 and 5 h after CGN; P < 0.001). Tactile allodynia was similarly inhibited by ~45% 4 h after CGN by both naproxen (at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) and ATB-346 (at 1.6 and 4.8 mg/kg; P < 0.001), as well as leukocyte infiltration. Naproxen (but not ATB-346) induced significant gastric damage and, despite the increased gastric MPO activity by ~130% in the naproxen-, but not in the ATB-346-treated rats, this effect was of no statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The presence of a H2S-releasing moiety in the ATB-346 structure does not impair the antiinflammatory activity of the parent compound in rats with CGN-induced synovitis. In addition, released H2S may account for the absence of deleterious gastric effects, thus making of ATB-346 a potentially useful therapeutic alternative to traditional naproxen for treatment of patients with arthritis

A comparative study on the anti-inflammatory effects of single oral doses of naproxen and its hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-releasing derivative ATB-346 in rats with carrageenan-induced synovitis

Abstract Background Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly prescribed agents for arthritic patients, although gastric effects limit their long-term use. Considering the reported gastric safety of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-releasing NSAIDs, in addition to the anti-inflammatory effects of H2S administration to rats with synovitis, we decided to evaluate the effects of the H2S-releasing naproxen derivative ATB-346 in this animal model. Methods Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with inhalatory halothane and pre-treated with equimolar oral doses of either naproxen (0.3, 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg) or ATB-346 (0.48, 1.6, 4.8, or 16 mg/kg) 30 min before the i.art. injection of 7.5 mg of carrageenan (CGN) into the right knee joint cavity. Joint swelling and pain score were assessed after 1, 3 and 5 h, and tactile allodynia after 2 and 4 h. After the last measurement, the joint cavity lavages were performed for counting of the recruited leukocytes. The drugs (at the highest doses) were also tested for their gastric effects by evaluating macroscopical damage score and neutrophil recruitment (measured as myeloperoxidase – MPO activity) in the stomachs 5 h after administration of the drugs. In addition, the serum naproxen pharmacokinetic profiles of both compounds, administered at the highest equimolar doses, were obtained during the first 6 h after dosing. Results At the two highest tested doses, both naproxen and ATB-346 reduced edema and pain score (measured 3 and 5 h after CGN; P < 0.001). Tactile allodynia was similarly inhibited by ~45% 4 h after CGN by both naproxen (at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) and ATB-346 (at 1.6 and 4.8 mg/kg; P < 0.001), as well as leukocyte infiltration. Naproxen (but not ATB-346) induced significant gastric damage and, despite the increased gastric MPO activity by ~130% in the naproxen-, but not in the ATB-346-treated rats, this effect was of no statistical significance. Conclusion The presence of a H2S-releasing moiety in the ATB-346 structure does not impair the antiinflammatory activity of the parent compound in rats with CGN-induced synovitis. In addition, released H2S may account for the absence of deleterious gastric effects, thus making of ATB-346 a potentially useful therapeutic alternative to traditional naproxen for treatment of patients with arthritis

Early postnatal, but not late, exposure to chemical ambient pollutant 1,2-naphthoquinone increases susceptibility to pulmonary allergic inflammation at adulthood

High diesel exhaust particle levels are associated with increased health effects; however, knowledge on the impact of its chemical contaminant 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) is limited. We investigated whether postnatal and adult exposures to 1,2-NQ influence allergic reaction and the roles of innate and adaptive immunity. Male neonate (6 days) and adult (56 days) C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 1,2-NQ (100 nM; 15 min) for 3 days, and on day 59, they were sensitized and later challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and production of cytokines, immunoglobulin E (IgE) and leukotriene B-4 (LTB4) were measured in the airways. Postnatal exposure to 1,2-NQ activated dendritic cells in splenocytes by increasing expressing cell surface molecules (e.g., CD11c). Co-exposure to OVA effectively polarized T helper (Th) type 2 (Th2) by secreting Th2-mediated cytokines. Re-stimulation with unspecific stimuli (PMA and ionomycin) generated a mixed Th1 (CD4(+)/IFN-gamma(+)) and Th17 (CD4(+)/IL-17(+)) phenotype in comparison with the vehicle-matched group. Postnatal exposure to 1,2-NQ did not induce eosinophilia in the airways at adulthood, although it evoked neutrophilia and exacerbated OVA-induced eosinophilia, Th2 cytokines, IgE and LTB4 production without affecting AHR and mast cell degranulation. At adulthood, 1,2-NQ exposure evoked neutrophilia and increased Th1/Th2 cytokine levels, but failed to affect OVA-induced eosinophilia. In conclusion, postnatal exposure to 1,2-NQ increases the susceptibility to antigen-induced asthma. The mechanism appears to be dependent on increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules, which leads to cell presentation amplification, Th2 polarization and enhanced LTB4, humoral response and Th1/Th2 cytokines. These findings may be useful for future investigations on treatments focused on pulmonary illnesses observed in children living in heavy polluted areas.</p