Problemas en la Implementación del Programa de Reparación en la Salud Mental de los Afectados por el Conflicto Armado Interno: Ayacucho 2006-2014

La presente investigación documenta el “proceso dificultoso de la implementación del programa de reparación en salud mental en la región de Ayacucho – Perú”. Dicho programa se implementa como respuesta a las secuelas del conflicto armado interno ocurrida entre los años 1980 y el año 2000, entre las que destaca las psicosociales que afectaron y siguen afectando a la salud mental de la población, conocida y expresada por las víctimas: “estamos traumados”. Analizando las fuentes secundarias respecto al tema y la fuente primaria consistente en las entrevistas semi estructuradas a los actores que tuvieron el rol directo e indirecto en la implementación del programa de reparaciones, se demuestra que la “situación problemática” de la salud mental como “creación del problema” fue implementada como programa de reparación a favor de los afectados por el conflicto armado interno en Ayacucho entre los años 2006 al 2014 obteniéndose resultados limitados, porque dicho proceso de “creación del problema” o estructuración del problema ha sido definido en el interior de la estructura gubernamental, prescindiendo de las propuestas “exógenas” de los afectados por la violencia y experiencias locales de intervención, por la “brecha existente entre la gestión pública y las políticas públicas (o sea se dio menos importancia a la deliberación de los problemas públicos)”; por ello, los “técnicos” del ejecutivo hicieron posible que una “situación problemática” o “creación de problema” sea “problema tratable” y/o “solución factible”, prescindiendo de las propuestas de los afectados por la violencia política(ANFASEP, CORAVIP) y experiencias de segmentación e intervención en salud mental no gubernamentales (ONGs: IPAZ, Paz y Esperanza).Tesi

Problemas en la Implementación del Programa de Reparación en la Salud Mental de los Afectados por el Conflicto Armado Interno: Ayacucho 2006-2014

La presente investigación documenta el “proceso dificultoso de la implementación del programa de reparación en salud mental en la región de Ayacucho – Perú”. Dicho programa se implementa como respuesta a las secuelas del conflicto armado interno ocurrida entre los años 1980 y el año 2000, entre las que destaca las psicosociales que afectaron y siguen afectando a la salud mental de la población, conocida y expresada por las víctimas: “estamos traumados”. Analizando las fuentes secundarias respecto al tema y la fuente primaria consistente en las entrevistas semi estructuradas a los actores que tuvieron el rol directo e indirecto en la implementación del programa de reparaciones, se demuestra que la “situación problemática” de la salud mental como “creación del problema” fue implementada como programa de reparación a favor de los afectados por el conflicto armado interno en Ayacucho entre los años 2006 al 2014 obteniéndose resultados limitados, porque dicho proceso de “creación del problema” o estructuración del problema ha sido definido en el interior de la estructura gubernamental, prescindiendo de las propuestas “exógenas” de los afectados por la violencia y experiencias locales de intervención, por la “brecha existente entre la gestión pública y las políticas públicas (o sea se dio menos importancia a la deliberación de los problemas públicos)”; por ello, los “técnicos” del ejecutivo hicieron posible que una “situación problemática” o “creación de problema” sea “problema tratable” y/o “solución factible”, prescindiendo de las propuestas de los afectados por la violencia política(ANFASEP, CORAVIP) y experiencias de segmentación e intervención en salud mental no gubernamentales (ONGs: IPAZ, Paz y Esperanza)

Intraoperative Injection of Technetium-99m Sulfur Colloid for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Single Institution Experience

Background. Most institutions require a patient undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy to go through nuclear medicine prior to surgery to be injected with radioisotope. This study describes the long-term results using intraoperative injection of radioisotope. Methods. Since late 2002, all patients undergoing a sentinel lymph node biopsy at the Yale-New Haven Breast Center underwent intraoperative injection of technetium-99m sulfur colloid. Endpoints included number of sentinel and nonsentinel lymph nodes obtained and number of positive sentinel and nonsentinel lymph nodes. Results. At least one sentinel lymph node was obtained in 2,333 out of 2,338 cases of sentinel node biopsy for an identification rate of 99.8%. The median number of sentinel nodes found was 2 and the mean was 2.33 (range: 1-15). There were 512 cases (21.9%) in which a sentinel node was positive for metastatic carcinoma. Of the patients with a positive sentinel lymph node who underwent axillary dissection, there were 242 cases (54.2%) with no additional positive nonsentinel lymph nodes. Advantages of intraoperative injection included increased comfort for the patient and simplification of scheduling. There were no radiation related complications. Conclusion. Intraoperative injection of technetium-99m sulfur colloid is convenient, effective, safe, and comfortable for the patient

Modulation of Dormancy and Growth Responses in Reproductive Buds of Temperate Trees

During autumn perennial trees cease growth and form structures called buds in order to protect meristems from the unfavorable environmental conditions, including low temperature and desiccation. In addition to increased tolerance to these abiotic stresses, reproductive buds modulate developmental programs leading to dormancy induction to avoid premature growth resumption, and flowering pathways. Stress tolerance, dormancy, and flowering processes are thus physically and temporarily restricted to a bud, and consequently forced to interact at the regulatory level. We review recent genomic, genetic, and molecular contributions to the knowledge of these three processes in trees, highlighting the role of epigenetic modifications, phytohormones, and common regulatory factors. Finally, we emphasize the utility of transcriptomic approaches for the identification of key structural and regulatory genes involved in bud processes, illustrated with our own experience using peach as a model

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

The impact of corporate social responsibility in the energy sector in Colombia : an analysis of the reputational approach based on sustainability

La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) es una integración voluntaria de un estilo de gestión diferente que tiene como objeto conciliar el crecimiento y la competitividad mientras se le apuesta al desarrollo sostenible. En este caso, las empresas más representativas del sector energético en Colombia buscan apalancarse en este fenómeno con el fin de incidir en un cambio a nivel reputacional, mejorando así la percepción que tiene el mercado o los consumidores sobre ellas. Por ello, para confirmar si existe una correlación positiva entre ambas dimensiones, en el siguiente trabajo se procede a ejecutar un diagnóstico de este sector económico, en el que se realiza una lectura de la situación actual del país en términos de sostenibilidad, mientras se convalida la realidad con antecedentes registrados desde una revisión de la literatura. La metodología utilizada es de carácter cualitativa con un enfoque exploratorio.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a voluntary integration of a different management style that aims to reconcile growth and competitiveness while betting on sustainable development. In this case, the most representative companies of the energy sector in Colombia seek to leverage this phenomenon to influence a change at the reputational level, thus improving the perception that the market or consumers have of them. Therefore, to confirm if there is a positive correlation between both dimensions, in the following work a diagnosis of this economic sector is carried out, in which a reading of the current situation of the country in terms of sustainability is carried out, while it is validated the reality with recorded antecedents from a literature review. The methodology used is qualitative in nature with an exploratory approach.Administrador (a) de EmpresasPregrad

Intraoperative Injection of Technetium-99m Sulfur Colloid for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Single Institution Experience

Background. Most institutions require a patient undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy to go through nuclear medicine prior to surgery to be injected with radioisotope. This study describes the long-term results using intraoperative injection of radioisotope. Methods. Since late 2002, all patients undergoing a sentinel lymph node biopsy at the Yale-New Haven Breast Center underwent intraoperative injection of technetium-99m sulfur colloid. Endpoints included number of sentinel and nonsentinel lymph nodes obtained and number of positive sentinel and nonsentinel lymph nodes. Results. At least one sentinel lymph node was obtained in 2,333 out of 2,338 cases of sentinel node biopsy for an identification rate of 99.8%. The median number of sentinel nodes found was 2 and the mean was 2.33 (range: 1–15). There were 512 cases (21.9%) in which a sentinel node was positive for metastatic carcinoma. Of the patients with a positive sentinel lymph node who underwent axillary dissection, there were 242 cases (54.2%) with no additional positive nonsentinel lymph nodes. Advantages of intraoperative injection included increased comfort for the patient and simplification of scheduling. There were no radiation related complications. Conclusion. Intraoperative injection of technetium-99m sulfur colloid is convenient, effective, safe, and comfortable for the patient