Proposed manufacturing facility for nylon 6,6

The purpose of this project was to design an economically viable process that produces 85 million pounds of nylon 6,6 annually. This process would be carried out in a new plant that would be built in the Calvert City, Kentucky area. The full capacity fiber design achieves this production goal and produces nylon 6,6 with a number average molecular weight of 2635 amu and an average degree of polymerization of 23.3 monomers per molecule.The production of nylon 6,6 fibers was determined to be more economically attractive than granular nylon 6,6 due to its much larger net present value (NPV) of approximately $174 million compared to the granular NPV of negative$190 million. The production of nylon 6,6 fibers had a discount cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) of 243% and a discounted payback period of only 6 months. The production of nylon 6,6 fibers is still economically attractive and physically feasible under turndown conditions with an NPV of approximately $98 million, a DCFROR of 145$1.59 per pound as opposed to the $1.51 per pound that full scale production costs. It is recommended that the design to produce nylon 6,6 fiber is carried forward to the detailed design stage and operated at full capacity.The reaction was simulated in Polymath using two key assumptions. The reaction was carried out at 72.5 psig and 622 degrees F while the vapor pressure of water under these conditions was greater than 1400 psig. This discrepancy in reactor pressure and vapor pressure led to the assumption that the water produced by the condensation polymerization reaction and the water introduced by the feed stream instantly vaporizes and it is vented from the reactor. HMDA is significantly less volatile than water and was assumed to be non-volatile under reaction conditions. The 72.5 psig reaction pressure was chosen to help justify this assumption without impacting capital costs significantly. Further investigation into these two assumptions and the effects of deviations from the simulation model are recommended

The mutual interplay between calcification and coccolithovirus infection

© The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Johns, C. T., Grubb, A. R., Nissimov, J. I., Natale, F., Knapp, V., Mui, A., Fredricks, H. F., Van Mooy, B. A. S., & Bidle, K. D. The mutual interplay between calcification and coccolithovirus infection. Environmental Microbiology, 21(6), (2019): 1896-1915, doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14362.Two prominent characteristics of marine coccolithophores are their secretion of coccoliths and their susceptibility to infection by coccolithoviruses (EhVs), both of which display variation among cells in culture and in natural populations. We examined the impact of calcification on infection by challenging a variety of Emiliania huxleyi strains at different calcification states with EhVs of different virulence. Reduced cellular calcification was associated with increased infection and EhV production, even though calcified cells and associated coccoliths had significantly higher adsorption coefficients than non‐calcified (naked) cells. Sialic acid glycosphingolipids, molecules thought to mediate EhV infection, were generally more abundant in calcified cells and enriched in purified, sorted coccoliths, suggesting a biochemical link between calcification and adsorption rates. In turn, viable EhVs impacted cellular calcification absent of lysis by inducing dramatic shifts in optical side scatter signals and a massive release of detached coccoliths in a subpopulation of cells, which could be triggered by resuspension of healthy, calcified host cells in an EhV‐free, ‘induced media’. Our findings show that calcification is a key component of the E. huxleyi‐EhV arms race and an aspect that is critical both to the modelling of these host–virus interactions in the ocean and interpreting their impact on the global carbon cycle.We thank Liti Haramaty for her guidance and assistance in culturing and infection experiments. This research was funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF3301 to BVM and KDB and GBMF3789 to KDB) and the National Science Foundation (OCE‐1537951 and OCE‐1559179 to KDB)

Henry’s voices: the representation of auditory verbal hallucinations in an autobiographical narrative

The book Henry’s Demons (2011) recounts the events surrounding Henry Cockburn’s diagnosis of schizophrenia from the alternating perspectives of Henry himself and his father Patrick. In this paper we present a detailed linguistic analysis of Henry’s first-person accounts of experiences that could be described as auditory verbal hallucinations. We first provide a typology of Henry’s voices, taking into account who or what is presented as speaking, what kinds of utterances they produce, and any salient stylistic features of these utterances. We then discuss the linguistically distinctive ways in which Henry represents these voices in his narrative. We focus on the use of Direct Speech as opposed to other forms of speech presentation; the use of the sensory verbs hear and feel; and the use of ‘non-factive’ expressions such as I thought and as if. We show how different linguistic representations may suggest phenomenological differences between the experience of hallucinatory voices and the perception of voices that other people can also hear. We therefore propose that linguistic analysis is ideally placed to provide in-depth accounts of the phenomenology of voice-hearing, and point out the implications of this approach for clinical practice and mental healthcare

Explant culture of adult goldfish retina: A model for the study of CNS regeneration

Conditions are described for culture of retinal explants of adult goldfish which favour outgrowth of neuritic processes onto a substratum. A growth index to quantitate the outgrowth was developed. If the optic nerve is crushed several days prior to explanation, a marked enhancement of neuritic outgrowth is seen relative to control retinas. Histological examination of the explants revealed that retinal ganglion cells in explants from unoperated eyes became hypertrophied in vitro with a time course similar to that observed in vivo following optic nerve crush. Experiments with hemiaxotomized retinas indicate that the perikaryal regenerative response is mediated intracellularly.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/23650/1/0000615.pd

LGBT community, social network characteristics, and smoking behaviors in young sexual minority women.

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/106605/1/LGBT community, social network characteristics, and smoking behaviors in young sexual minority women.pd

Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone in the 21st century

Simulations from eleven coupled chemistry-climate models (CCMs) employing nearly identical forcings have been used to project the evolution of stratospheric ozone throughout the 21st century. The model-to-model agreement in projected temperature trends is good, and all CCMs predict continued, global mean cooling of the stratosphere over the next 5 decades, increasing from around 0.25 K/decade at 50 hPa to around 1 K/ decade at 1 hPa under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario. In general, the simulated ozone evolution is mainly determined by decreases in halogen concentrations and continued cooling of the global stratosphere due to increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs). Column ozone is projected to increase as stratospheric halogen concentrations return to 1980s levels. Because of ozone increases in the middle and upper stratosphere due to GHGinduced cooling, total ozone averaged over midlatitudes, outside the polar regions, and globally, is projected to increase to 1980 values between 2035 and 2050 and before lower stratospheric halogen amounts decrease to 1980 values. In the polar regions the CCMs simulate small temperature trends in the first and second half of the 21st century in midwinter. Differences in stratospheric inorganic chlorine (Cly) among the CCMs are key to diagnosing the intermodel differences in simulated ozone recovery, in particular in the Antarctic. It is found that there are substantial quantitative differences in the simulated Cly, with the October mean Antarctic Cly peak value varying from less than 2 ppb to over 3.5 ppb in the CCMs, and the date at which the Cly returns to 1980 values varying from before 2030 to after 2050. There is a similar variation in the timing of recovery of Antarctic springtime column ozone back to 1980 values. As most models underestimate peak Cly near 2000, ozone recovery in the Antarctic could occur even later, between 2060 and 2070. In the Arctic the column ozone increase in spring does not follow halogen decreases as closely as in the Antarctic, reaching 1980 values before Arctic halogen amounts decrease to 1980 values and before the Antarctic. None of the CCMs predict future large decreases in the Arctic column ozone. By 2100, total column ozone is projected to be substantially above 1980 values in all regions except in the tropics

Catching Element Formation In The Act

Gamma-ray astronomy explores the most energetic photons in nature to address some of the most pressing puzzles in contemporary astrophysics. It encompasses a wide range of objects and phenomena: stars, supernovae, novae, neutron stars, stellar-mass black holes, nucleosynthesis, the interstellar medium, cosmic rays and relativistic-particle acceleration, and the evolution of galaxies. MeV gamma-rays provide a unique probe of nuclear processes in astronomy, directly measuring radioactive decay, nuclear de-excitation, and positron annihilation. The substantial information carried by gamma-ray photons allows us to see deeper into these objects, the bulk of the power is often emitted at gamma-ray energies, and radioactivity provides a natural physical clock that adds unique information. New science will be driven by time-domain population studies at gamma-ray energies. This science is enabled by next-generation gamma-ray instruments with one to two orders of magnitude better sensitivity, larger sky coverage, and faster cadence than all previous gamma-ray instruments. This transformative capability permits: (a) the accurate identification of the gamma-ray emitting objects and correlations with observations taken at other wavelengths and with other messengers; (b) construction of new gamma-ray maps of the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies where extended regions are distinguished from point sources; and (c) considerable serendipitous science of scarce events -- nearby neutron star mergers, for example. Advances in technology push the performance of new gamma-ray instruments to address a wide set of astrophysical questions.Comment: 14 pages including 3 figure