Bureau of Land Management

The authors wish to thank Steve Leonard and George Staidle, who authored Technical Reference 1737-5, Riparian and Wetland Classification Review, which provided the basis for this document. We also thank those who reviewed and commented on Technical Reference 1737-5: Paul Hansen, Bill Platts, Bud Kovalchik

The case for strategic international alliances to harness nutritional genomics for public and personal health

Nutrigenomics is the study of how constituents of the diet interact with genes, and their products, to alter phenotype and, conversely, how genes and their products metabolise these constituents into nutrients, antinutrients, and bioactive compounds. Results from molecular and genetic epidemiological studies indicate that dietary unbalance can alter gene-nutrient interactions in ways that increase the risk of developing chronic disease. The interplay of human genetic variation and environmental factors will make identifying causative genes and nutrients a formidable, but not intractable, challenge. We provide specific recommendations for how to best meet this challenge and discuss the need for new methodologies and the use of comprehensive analyses of nutrient-genotype interactions involving large and diverse populations. The objective of the present paper is to stimulate discourse and collaboration among nutrigenomic researchers and stakeholders, a process that will lead to an increase in global health and wellness by reducing health disparities in developed and developing countrie

Hydraulic Considerations for Pipelines Crossing Stream Channels

High flow events have the potential to damage pipelines that cross stream channels, possibly contaminating runoff. A hydrologic analysis conducted during the design of the pipeline can help determine proper placement. Flood frequency and magnitude evaluations are required for pipelines that cross at the surface. There are several methods that can be used, including reconnaissance, physiographic, analytical, and detailed methods. The method used must be appropriate for the site’s characteristics and the objectives of the analysis. Channel degradation and scour evaluations are required for pipelines crossing below the surface. Proper analysis and design can prevent future pipeline damage and reduce repair and replacement costs

The association between Covid-19 and new onset of Type 1 diabetes: a rapid review protocol

Background and rationale: this protocol describes a review that is being undertaken to respond to a growing number of reports that there may be a relationship between infection with Covid-19 and a new diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes. We intend to synthesise the literature in order to identify what is currently known and to inform how best research using electronic health records can further explore this relationship to understand the risks and provide appropriate public health guidance. Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, usually due to an auto-immune response which destroys the islets of Langerhans cells in the pancreas ( https://www.diabetes.org.uk/ ). The majority of Type 1 cases occur in childhood or adolescence. There is no cure, and treatment is reliant on replacing insulin using injections or pumps to be able to allow sugar in the bloodstream to enter the cells and control the blood glucose levels. The exact triggers for the development of Type 1 diabetes are unknown, but exposure to viruses and other environmental factors are thought to be important (Filippi and von Herrath, 2008). Seasonal variation in the incidence of new cases has often been attributed to increased viral circulation, for example associated with the return of children to schools (Turtinen et al., 2022, Nishioka et al., 2020). It is unclear whether the SARS-Coronavirus-2 virus (SARS-Cov-2), which is responsible for the Covid-19 pandemic, may influence the development of Type 1 diabetes, although evidence is emerging that there may be an association (Barrett et al., 2022). The public health approach to controlling SARS-Cov-2/Covid-19 in the UK has varied between regions and also between children and adults. Whereas the focus of the vaccination program has been on reducing hospital admission and death, particularly in older adults and people with clinical vulnerabilities, vaccination for adolescents aged 12-17 were introduced in August/September 2021, and a 2 dose course for children aged 5-11 in 2022. Given the high rates of Covid-19 positivity in educational establishments and the lack of other precautionary measures, such as mandatory use of face coverings, adequate ventilation and air filtration, the scope for transmission to children and subsequent sequelae, such as Long Covid, remains significant (Zimmermann et al., 2022). Additionally, the increased difficulty in accessing both primary and secondary care health services during periods of lockdown and in the post-lockdown era may have contributed to delays in diagnosis and increased severity of presentation, and this may also be reflected in the global literature.As the pandemic continues with successive waves of new variants of the virus, with as-yet unknown effects on the immune system and long-term health, we would like to focus on the potential role of Covid-19 in the development of new-onset Type 1 diabetes as a matter of urgency, to be able to inform public health and parental decisions about vaccination and safety measures in schools, and also to inform subsequent research using large routinely collected data sources, such as the SAIL databank and the Brecon paediatric diabetes cohort. For this purpose, a rapid review is the most suitable methodology due to its resource-efficient methods of producing a quality knowledge synthesis that can guide stakeholders to future public health and/or research funding decisions.<br/

Mapping Aquifer Systems with Airborne Electromagnetics in the Central Valley of California

The passage of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act in California has highlighted a need for cost-effective ways to acquire the data used in building conceptual models of the aquifer systems in the Central Valley of California. One approach would be the regional implementation of the airborne electromagnetic (AEM) method. We acquired 104 line-kilometers of data in the Tulare Irrigation District, in the Central Valley, to determine the depth of investigation (DOI) of the AEM method, given the abundance of electrically conductive clays, and to assess the usefulness of the method for mapping the hydrostratigraphy. The data were high quality providing, through inversion of the data, models displaying the variation in electrical resistivity to a depth of approximately 500m. In order to transform the resistivity models to interpreted sections displaying lithology, we established the relationship between resistivity and lithology using collocated lithology logs (from drillers\u27 logs) and AEM data. We modeled the AEM response and employed a bootstrapping approach to solve for the range of values in the resistivity model corresponding to sand and gravel, mixed coarse and fine, and clay in the unsaturated and saturated regions. The comparison between the resulting interpretation and an existing cross section demonstrates that AEM can be an effective method for mapping the large-scale hydrostratigraphy of aquifer systems in the Central Valley. The methods employed and developed in this study have widespread application in the use of the AEM method for groundwater management in similar geologic settings. Groundwater

Horizons in nutritional science : The case for strategic international alliances to harness nutritional genomics for public and personal health.

Nutrigenomics is the study of how constituents of the diet interact with genes, and their products, to alter phenotype and, conversely, how genes and their products metabolise these constituents into nutrients, antinutrients, and bioactive compounds. Results from molecular and genetic epidemiological studies indicate that dietary unbalance can alter gene–nutrient interactions in ways that increase the risk of developing chronic disease. The interplay of human genetic variation and environmental factors will make identifying causative genes and nutrients a formidable, but not intractable, challenge. We provide specific recommendations for how to best meet this challenge and discuss the need for new methodologies and the use of comprehensive analyses of nutrient–genotype interactions involving large and diverse populations. The objective of the present paper is to stimulate discourse and collaboration among nutrigenomic researchers and stakeholders, a process that will lead to an increase in global health and wellness by reducing health disparities in developed and developing countries

Lessons From the Western Atlantic Lionfish Invasion to Inform Management in the Mediterranean

Major invasions of Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitansandP. miles) areunderway in the Western Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. While the establishment of lionfish in the Western Atlantic is perhaps the most well-studied marine fish invasion to date, the rapidly expanding invasion in the Mediterranean is more recent and has received less attention. Here we review and synthesize successes and failures from two decades of lionfish management in the Western Atlantic to give policy recommendations for their management in the Mediterranean. Two failed approaches that were attempted multiple times in the Western Atlantic and that we advise against are (1) feeding lionfish to native fish to promote predation and (2) implementing bounty programs to incentivize lionfish harvest. Broadly, the most important management lessons that we recommend include (1) conducting routine removals by spearfishing with scuba, which can effectively suppress local abundances of lionfish; (2) encouraging the development of recreational and commercial lionfish fisheries, which can promote long-term, sustainable lionfish population control; and, (3) engaging local communities and resource users (e.g., with lionfish removal tournaments), whichcan concurrently achieve multiple objectives of promoting lionfish removals, market-development, research, and public education. Managers in the Western Atlantic often needed to adapt current conservation policies to enable lionfish removals in areas where spearfishing with scuba was otherwise prohibited for conservation purposes. The risk of abusing these policies was mitigated through the use of gear restrictions, diver trainings, and through participatory approaches that integrated scuba divers and stakeholder organizations in lionfish research and management. Our review of policies and practices in the Mediterranean Sea found that many of our recommended lionfish management approaches are not being done and indicate potential opportunities to implement these. We expect and fully recommend that work continues towards multinational cooperation to facilitate regional coordination of research, control, and management efforts with respect to the Mediterranean lionfish invasion. As with other major biological invasions, lionfish are unconstrained by political borders and their control will require rapid and strategic management approaches with broad cooperation among and between governments and stakeholders

Horizons in Nutritional Science The case for strategic international alliances to harness nutritional genomics for public and personal health † Please see Appendix 1 for details of affiliations

Nutrigenomics is the study of how constituents of the diet interact with genes, and their products, to alter phenotype and, conversely, how genes and their products metabolise these constituents into nutrients, antinutrients, and bioactive compounds. Results from molecular and genetic epidemiological studies indicate that dietary unbalance can alter gene-nutrient interactions in ways that increase the risk of developing chronic disease. The interplay of human genetic variation and environmental factors will make identifying causative genes and nutrients a formidable, but not intractable, challenge. We provide specific recommendations for how to best meet this challenge and discuss the need for new methodologies and the use of comprehensive analyses of nutrient -genotype interactions involving large and diverse populations. The objective of the present paper is to stimulate discourse and collaboration among nutrigenomic researchers and stakeholders, a process that will lead to an increase in global health and wellness by reducing health disparities in developed and developing countries

Web-Enabled and Improved Software Tools and Data Are Needed to Measure Nutrient Intakes and Physical Activity for Personalized Health Research123

Food intake, physical activity (PA), and genetic makeup each affect health and each factor influences the impact of the other 2 factors. Nutrigenomics describes interactions between genes and environment. Knowledge about the interplay between environment and genetics would be improved if experimental designs included measures of nutrient intake and PA. Lack of familiarity about how to analyze environmental variables and ease of access to tools and measurement instruments are 2 deterrents to these combined studies. This article describes the state of the art for measuring food intake and PA to encourage researchers to make their tools better known and more available to workers in other fields. Information presented was discussed during a workshop on this topic sponsored by the USDA, NIH, and FDA in the spring of 2009