Productividad de pasturas y producción de leche bovina bajo pastoreo de gramínea y gramínea + lotus uliginosus en mosquera , cundinamarca

En el presente estudio se determinó y evaluó la producción de biomasa aérea (g MS/m2), composición botánica, calidad nutricional, y producción y calidad de leche en dos tipos de pasturas para clima frío. El ensayo se realizó en el centro agropecuario Marengo de la Universidad Nacional en Mosquera, Cundinamarca, donde se evaluaron dos pasturas, una de mezcla de kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum) y festuca alta (Festuca arundinacea) la segunda, una mezcla de festuca alta y la leguminosa trébol pata de pájaro (Lotus uliginosus) con un área de 1 ha cada una. Se empleó un diseño al azar con la vaca como unidad experimental y la pastura como tratamiento. Se usaron 5 vacas Holstein (PV 580 kg) entre 2 y 4 partos de segundo tercio de lactancia para cada tratamiento durante un periodo experimental de 14 días, 7 de acostumbramiento y 7 de mediciones. En cada pastura se determinó la producción de biomasa aérea (g MS/m2), composición botánica (%), calidad nutricional (PC, FDN, FDA, DIV MS), y se evaluó la producción (lt/día) y calidad de leche (porcentaje de grasa, proteína, caseína, sólidos). Aunque no se realizó comparación estadística para la producción de biomasa, la mayor producción fue observada en la pastura asociada; también en cuanto a la calidad nutricional la principal diferencia se observó en el contenido de proteína, siendo mayor en la pastura asociada. Se observaron mayores valores en producción de leche, caseína y proteína en la pastura de gramínea más leguminosa (P and lt; 0,05), sin diferencias para grasa y sólidos totales (P and gt; 0,05). Se puede concluir que las pasturas asociadas de gramínea más leguminosa mejoran los valores de producción y proteína en la leche.In the present study was determined and assessed the aerial biomass (g MS/m2), botanical composition, nutritional quality and production and quality of milk in two types of pasture for cold weather. The experiment was carried out in Marengo Central Agriculture of the National University of Colombia in Mosquera, Cundinamarca, where a mixture of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and other of tall fescue mixed with birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus uliginosus) legume was evaluated, in a hectare by each pasture. Employing a completely randomized design how the cow was a experimental unit and the pasture was a treatment. 5 Holstein cows (PV 580 kg) between two and four birth in the mid lactation for each treatment for a trial period of 15 days was used, 7 days of adaptation and 7 days of measurements. In each pasture aerial biomass (g MS/m2), botanical composition (%), nutritional quality (PC, ND F, FDA DIV MS), milk production (lt/day) and milk quality (% fat, protein, casein and solids) was determined. Although no statistical comparison was done for biomass production, the greater production was the mixed pasture, also with regard to the nutritional quality the main difference was observed in the protein content, being higher in the mixed pasture. Higher values were observed in milk production, casein and protein in the mixed pasture (P 0.05) contents. We concluded that the pastures mixed grass + legume improve the milk production and protein in milk values

Expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells in a fixed-bed bioreactor system based on non-porous glass carrier – Part B: Modeling and scale-up of the system

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are a promising cell source for the manufacturing of cell therapeutic or tissue engineered implants. In part A of this publication a fixed-bed bioreactor system based on non-porous borosilicate glass spheres and procedures for the automated expansion of hMSC with high yield and vitality has been introduced. Part B of this study deals with the modeling of the process in order to transfer the bioreactors system from the laboratory to the production scale. Relevant model parameters have been obtained by fitting them to the experimental data of hMSC-TERT cultivations in scales up to 300 cm3. Scale-up calculations were carried out exemplarily for a target cell number of twenty billion cells

Circus and Theatre, A tense relationship around the turn of the 20th century

Background: Measuring disease and injury burden in populations requires a composite metric that captures both premature mortality and the prevalence and severity of ill-health. The 1990 Global Burden of Disease study proposed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure disease burden. No comprehensive update of disease burden worldwide incorporating a systematic reassessment of disease and injury-specific epidemiology has been done since the 1990 study. We aimed to calculate disease burden worldwide and for 21 regions for 1990, 2005, and 2010 with methods to enable meaningful comparisons over time. Methods: We calculated DALYs as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). DALYs were calculated for 291 causes, 20 age groups, both sexes, and for 187 countries, and aggregated to regional and global estimates of disease burden for three points in time with strictly comparable definitions and methods. YLLs were calculated from age-sex-country-time-specific estimates of mortality by cause, with death by standardised lost life expectancy at each age. YLDs were calculated as prevalence of 1160 disabling sequelae, by age, sex, and cause, and weighted by new disability weights for each health state. Neither YLLs nor YLDs were age-weighted or discounted. Uncertainty around cause-specific DALYs was calculated incorporating uncertainty in levels of all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, prevalence, and disability weights. Findings: Global DALYs remained stable from 1990 (2·503 billion) to 2010 (2·490 billion). Crude DALYs per 1000 decreased by 23% (472 per 1000 to 361 per 1000). An important shift has occurred in DALY composition with the contribution of deaths and disability among children (younger than 5 years of age) declining from 41% of global DALYs in 1990 to 25% in 2010. YLLs typically account for about half of disease burden in more developed regions (high-income Asia Pacific, western Europe, high-income North America, and Australasia), rising to over 80% of DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1990, 47% of DALYs worldwide were from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, 43% from non-communicable diseases, and 10% from injuries. By 2010, this had shifted to 35%, 54%, and 11%, respectively. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of DALYs worldwide in 2010 (up from fourth rank in 1990, increasing by 29%), followed by lower respiratory infections (top rank in 1990; 44% decline in DALYs), stroke (fifth in 1990; 19% increase), diarrhoeal diseases (second in 1990; 51% decrease), and HIV/AIDS (33rd in 1990; 351% increase). Major depressive disorder increased from 15th to 11th rank (37% increase) and road injury from 12th to 10th rank (34% increase). Substantial heterogeneity exists in rankings of leading causes of disease burden among regions. Interpretation: Global disease burden has continued to shift away from communicable to non-communicable diseases and from premature death to years lived with disability. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, many communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders remain the dominant causes of disease burden. The rising burden from mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and diabetes will impose new challenges on health systems. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of understanding local burden of disease and setting goals and targets for the post-2015 agenda taking such patterns into account. Because of improved definitions, methods, and data, these results for 1990 and 2010 supersede all previously published Global Burden of Disease results