17 research outputs found
Circumstellar dust as a solution to the red supergiant supernova progenitor problem
We investigate the red supergiant problem: the apparent dearth of Type IIP
supernova progenitors with masses between 16 and 30 M_sun. Although red
supergiants with masses in this range have been observed, none have been
identified as progenitors in pre-explosion images. We show that by failing to
take into account the additional extinction resulting from the dust produced in
the red supergiant winds, we risk underestimating the luminosity of the most
massive red supergiants at the end of their lives. We estimate the initial
masses of all Type IIP progenitors for which observations exist and analyse the
resulting population. We find that the most likely maximum mass for a Type IIP
progenitor is 21^{+2}_{-1} M_sun. This is in closer agreement with the limit
predicted from single star evolution models.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures and 4 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA
Discovery of Variability of the Progenitor of SN 2011dh in M51 Using the Large Binocular Telescope
We show that the candidate progenitor of the core-collapse SN 2011dh in M51
(8 Mpc away) was fading by 0.039 +- 0.006 mag/year during the three years prior
to the supernova, and that this level of variability is moderately unusual for
other similar stars in M 51. While there are uncertainties about whether the
true progenitor was a blue companion to this candidate, the result illustrates
that there are no technical challenges to obtaining fairly high precision light
curves of supernova progenitors using ground based observations of nearby (<10
Mpc) galaxies with wide field cameras on 8m-class telescopes. While other
sources of variability may dominate, it is even possible to reach into the
range of evolution rates required by the quasi-static evolution of the stellar
envelope. For M 81, where we have many more epochs and a slightly longer time
baseline, our formal 3 sigma sensitivity to slow changes is presently 3
millimag/year for a M_V ~= -8 mag star. In short, there is no observational
barrier to determining whether the variability properties of stars in their
last phases of evolution (post Carbon ignition) are different from earlier
phases.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Ap
Deriving star formation histories from photometry using energy balance spectral energy distribution modelling
Panchromatic spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting is a critical tool for determining the physical properties of distant galaxies, such as their stellar mass and star formation rate. One widely used method is the publicly available MAGPHYS code. We build on our previous analysis (Hayward & Smith 2015) by presenting some modifications which enable MAGPHYS to automatically estimate galaxy star formation histories (SFHs), including uncertainties, based on ultra-violet to far-infrared photometry. We use state-of-the art synthetic photometry derived by performing three-dimensional dust radiative transfer on hydrodynamic simulations of isolated disc and merging galaxies to test how well the modified MAGPHYS is able to recover SFHs under idealised conditions, where the true SFH is known. We find that while the SFH of the model with the best fit to the synthetic photometry is a poor representation of the true SFH (showing large variations with the line-of-sight to the galaxy and spurious bursts of star formation), median-likelihood SFHs generated by marginalising over the default MAGPHYS libraries produce robust estimates of the smoothly-varying isolated disk simulation SFHs. This preference for the median-likelihood SFH is quantitatively underlined by our estimates of (analogous to the goodness-of-fit estimator) and (the integrated absolute mass discrepancy between the model and true SFH) that strongly prefer the median-likelihood SFHs over those that best fit the UV-to-far-IR photometry. In contrast, we are unable to derive a good estimate of the SFH for the merger simulations (either best-fit or median-likelihood) despite being able to obtain a reasonable fit to the simulated photometry, likely because the analytic SFHs with bursts superposed in the standard MAGPHYS library are insufficiently general/realistic.Peer reviewe
SN 2008jb: A "Lost" Core-Collapse Supernova in a Star-Forming Dwarf Galaxy at ~10 Mpc
We present the discovery and follow-up observations of SN 2008jb, a
core-collapse supernova in the dwarf irregular galaxy ESO 302-14 at 9.6 Mpc.
This transient was missed by galaxy-targeted surveys and was only found in
archival optical images obtained by CRTS and ASAS. It was detected shortly
after explosion and reached a bright optical maximum, Vmax = 13.6 mag (M_Vmax ~
-16.5). The shape of the light curve shows a plateau of 100 days, followed by a
drop of 1.4 mag in V-band to a decline with the approximate Co 56 decay slope,
consistent with 0.04 Msun of Ni 56 synthesized in the explosion. A spectrum
obtained 2 years after explosion shows a broad, boxy Halpha emission line,
which is unusual for type IIP supernovae. We detect the supernova in archival
Spitzer and WISE images obtained 8-14 months after explosion, which show clear
signs of warm dust emission. The dwarf irregular host galaxy has a low
gas-phase oxygen abundance, 12 + log(O/H) = 8.2 (~1/5 Solar), similar to those
of the SMC and the hosts of long gamma-ray bursts and luminous core-collapse
supernovae. We study the host environment using GALEX FUV, R-band, and Halpha
images and find that the supernova occurred in a large star-formation complex.
The morphology of the Halpha emission appears as a large shell (R = 350 pc)
surrounding the FUV and optical emission. We estimate an age of ~9 Myr and a
total mass of ~2 x 10^5 Msun for the star-formation complex. These properties
are consistent with the expanding Halpha supershells observed in well-studied
nearby dwarf galaxies, which are tell-tale signs of feedback from the
cumulative effect of massive star winds and supernovae. The age estimated for
the star-forming region suggests a relatively high-mass progenitor star with
initial mass of ~20 Msun. We discuss the implications of these findings in the
study of core-collapse supernova progenitors. (Abridged)Comment: 41 pages, 10 figures, accepted in ApJ; small changes, conclusions
unchange
Circumstellar discs: What will be next?
This prospective chapter gives our view on the evolution of the study of
circumstellar discs within the next 20 years from both observational and
theoretical sides. We first present the expected improvements in our knowledge
of protoplanetary discs as for their masses, sizes, chemistry, the presence of
planets as well as the evolutionary processes shaping these discs. We then
explore the older debris disc stage and explain what will be learnt concerning
their birth, the intrinsic links between these discs and planets, the hot dust
and the gas detected around main sequence stars as well as discs around white
dwarfs.Comment: invited review; comments welcome (32 pages
A new precise mass for the progenitor of the Type IIP SN 2008bk
The progenitor of the Type IIP SN 2008bk was discovered in pre-explosion
g'r'i'IYJHKs images, acquired with European Southern Observatory Very Large
Telescope FORS, HAWK-I and ISAAC instruments and the Gemini GMOS-S instrument.
The wealth of pre-explosion observations makes the progenitor of this SN one of
the best studied, since the detection of the progenitor of SN1987A. Previous
analyses of the properties of the progenitor were hampered by the limited
quality of the photometric calibration of the pre-explosion images and the
crowded nature of the field containing the SN. We present new late-time
observations of the site of SN2008bk acquired with identical instrument and
filter configurations as the pre-explosion observations, and confirm that the
previously identified red supergiant star was the progenitor of this SN and has
now disappeared. Image subtraction techniques were used to conduct precise
photometry of the now missing progenitor, independently of blending from any
nearby stars. The nature of the surrounding stellar population and their
contribution to the flux attributed to the progenitor in the pre-explosion
images are probed using HST WFC3 UVIS/IR observations. In comparison with MARCS
synthetic spectra, we find the progenitor was a highly reddened RSG with
luminosity log (L/Lsun)=4.84+/-0.11, corresponding to an initial mass of
Minit=12.9+/-1.7Msun. The temperature of the progenitor was hotter than
previously expected for RSGs (T ~ 4330K), but consistent with new temperatures
derived for RSGs using SED fitting techniques. We show that there is evidence
for significant extinction of the progenitor, possibly arising in the CSM; but
that this dust yields a similar reddening law to dust found in the ISM
(E(B-V)=0.77 with Rv=3.1). [Abridged]Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures - submitted to MNRAS (21 July
Astronomical Distance Determination in the Space Age: Secondary Distance Indicators
The formal division of the distance indicators into primary and secondary leads to difficulties in description of methods which can actually be used in two ways: with, and without the support of the other methods for scaling. Thus instead of concentrating on the scaling requirement we concentrate on all methods of distance determination to extragalactic sources which are designated, at least formally, to use for individual sources. Among those, the Supernovae Ia is clearly the leader due to its enormous success in determination of the expansion rate of the Universe. However, new methods are rapidly developing, and there is also a progress in more traditional methods. We give a general overview of the methods but we mostly concentrate on the most recent developments in each field, and future expectations. © 2018, The Author(s)
On the progenitor of the type IIP SN 2013ej in M74
We use natural seeing imaging of SN 2013ej in M74 to identify a progenitor
candidate in archival {\it Hubble Space Telescope} + ACS images. We find a
source coincident with the SN in the {\it F814W}-filter, however the position
of the progenitor candidate in contemporaneous {\it F435W} and {\it
F555W}-filters is significantly offset. We conclude that the "progenitor
candidate" is in fact two physically unrelated sources; a blue source which is
likely unrelated to the SN, and a red source which we suggest exploded as SN
2013ej. Deep images with the same instrument onboard {\it HST} taken when the
supernova has faded (in approximately two years time) will allow us to
accurately characterise the unrelated neighbouring source and hence determine
the intrinsic flux of the progenitor in three filters. We suggest that the {\it
F814W} flux is dominated by the progenitor of SN 2013ej, and assuming a
bolometric correction appropriate to an M-type supergiant, we estimate that the
mass of the progenitor of SN 2013ej was between 8 -- 15.5 M.Comment: 5 pages, submitted to MNRAS letter