Étude Comparée sur la Réussite Universitaire Québec-Ontario pour la Période 1994-1996

The knowledge-based economy has emphasised the role of human capital and the relevance of formal education. This study analyses university achievement and gives a quantitative description of Quebec and Ontario university systems. Comparative differences by educational levels and fields of studies are presented and discussed within the context of the labour market. Les préoccupations actuelles de l'économie du savoir ont mis en valeur l'importance du capital humain et par conséquent l'importance de l'instruction. Cette étude analyse la réussite universitaire et permet de décrire d'un point de vue quantitatif les systèmes universitaires québécois et ontariens. Le point de vue qualitatif est également traité à travers l'analyse des différences par domaine d'étude et par discipline.university achievement, educational levels, fields of studies, rate of return, sectors of activity, réussite universitaire, baccalauréat, maîtrise, doctorat, domaine d'étude, matières, postsecondaire, écarts, taux de rendement, secteur d'activité

Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Résif-SI Grenoble : Résif-DC, Rap, Sismob

The Résif seismological data center (CD-Résif, also called 'knot B', DOI:10.17616/R37Q06) is hosted by the University of Grenoble Alpes and co-operated by the UMS GRICAD and the Osug data center. Résif data services are developed, deployed and maintained by the Résif team at ISTerre. The Résif data centre ensures the security and distribution of validated data and metadata. This poster highlights the new services offered by the Résif data centre to the community and shows the statistics of the data centre. It also shows how the data centre can respond to new current challenges (intensive computing, dense network data, ...). This poster was presented during the Résif Scientific and Technical Meetings that took place in Biarritz in November 2019. Résif is a national research infrastructure dedicated to the observation and understanding of the Earth's internal structure and dynamics. Résif is based on high technology observation networks, composed of seismological, geodetic and gravimetric instruments deployed in a dense manner throughout the French territory. The data collected allow the study of ground deformation, surface and deep structures, local and global seismicity and natural hazards, particularly seismic, on the French territory with a high spatio-temporal resolution. Résif is integrated into the European (EPOS - European Plate Observing System) and worldwide instruments that allow to image the Earth's interior in its entirety and to study numerous natural phenomena.Le centre de données sismologiques Résif (CD-Résif, dit aussi 'noeud B', DOI:10.17616/R37Q06) est hébergé par l'Université Grenoble Alpes et co-exploité par l'UMS GRICAD et le centre de données de l'Osug. Les services de données Résif sont développés, déployés et maintenus par l'équipe Résif d'ISTerre. Le centre de donnée Résif assure la mise en sécurité et la distribution des données validées et des métadonnées. Ce poster met en évidence les nouveaux services proposés par le centre de données Résif à la communauté et montre les statistiques du centre de données. Il montre aussi comment le centre de donnée peut répondre aux nouveaux enjeux actuels (calcul intensif, données des réseaux denses, …). Ce poster a été présenté lors des Rencontres scientifiques et techniques Résif qui se sont déroulées à Biarritz en novembre 2019. Résif est une infrastructure de recherche nationale dédiée à l’observation et la compréhension de la structure et de la dynamique Terre interne. Résif se base sur des réseaux d’observation de haut niveau technologique, composés d’instruments sismologiques, géodésiques et gravimétriques déployés de manière dense sur tout le territoire français. Les données recueillies permettent d’étudier avec une haute résolution spatio-temporelle la déformation du sol, les structures superficielles et profondes, la sismicité à l’échelle locale et globale et les aléas naturels, et plus particulièrement sismiques, sur le territoire français. Résif s’intègre aux dispositifs européens (EPOS - European Plate Observing System) et mondiaux d’instruments permettant d’imager l’intérieur de la Terre dans sa globalité et d’étudier de nombreux phénomènes naturels

Salmonella Typhimurium Invalidated for the Three Currently Known Invasion Factors Keeps Its Ability to Invade Several Cell Models

International audienceTo establish an infection, Salmonella has to interact with eukaryotic cells. Invasion of non-phagocytic cells (i.e., epithelial, fibroblast and endothelial cells) involves either a trigger or a zipper mechanism mediated by the T3SS-1 or the invasin Rck, respectively. Another outer membrane protein, PagN, was also implicated in the invasion. However, other unknown invasion factors have been previously suggested. Our goal was to evaluate the invasion capability of a Salmonella Typhimurium strain invalidated for the three known invasion factors. Non-phagocytic cell lines of several animal origins were tested in a gentamicin protection assay. In most cells, we observed a drastic decrease in the invasion rate between the wild-type and the triple mutant. However, in five cell lines, the triple mutant invaded cells at a similarly high level to the wild-type, suggesting the existence of unidentified invasion factors. For the wild-type and the triple mutant, scanning-electron microscopy, confocal imaging and use of biochemical inhibitors confirmed their cellular uptake and showed a zipper-like mechanism of internalization involving both clathrin- and non-clathrin-dependent pathways. Despite a functional T3SS-1, the wild-type bacteria seemed to use the same entry route as the mutant in our cell model. All together, these results demonstrate the existence of unknown Salmonella invasion factors, which require further characterization

RESIF-SI Grenoble : RESIF-DC, RAP, SISMOB

The RESIF seismological data center (CD-RESIF, also called 'knot B', DOI:10.17616/R37Q06) is hosted by the University of Grenoble Alpes and co-operated by the UMS GRICAD and the OSUG data center. RESIF data services are developed, deployed and maintained by the RESIF team at ISTerre. The RESIF data centre ensures the security and distribution of validated data and metadata. This poster highlights the new services offered by the RESIF data centre to the community and shows the statistics of the data centre. It also shows how the data centre can respond to new current challenges (intensive computing, dense network data, ...). This poster was presented during the RESIF Scientific and Technical Meetings that took place in Biarritz in November 2019. RESIF is a national research infrastructure dedicated to the observation and understanding of the Earth's internal structure and dynamics. RESIF is based on high technology observation networks, composed of seismological, geodetic and gravimetric instruments deployed in a dense manner throughout the French territory. The data collected allow the study of ground deformation, surface and deep structures, local and global seismicity and natural hazards, particularly seismic, on the French territory with a high spatio-temporal resolution. RESIF is integrated into the European (EPOS - European Plate Observing System) and worldwide instruments that allow to image the Earth's interior in its entirety and to study numerous natural phenomena.Le centre de données sismologiques RESIF (CD-RESIF, dit aussi 'noeud B', DOI:10.17616/R37Q06) est hébergé par l'Université Grenoble Alpes et co-exploité par l'UMS GRICAD et le centre de données de l'OSUG. Les services de données RESIF sont développés, déployés et maintenus par l'équipe RESIF d'ISTerre. Le centre de donnée RESIF assure la mise en sécurité et la distribution des données validées et des métadonnées. Ce poster met en évidence les nouveaux services proposés par le centre de données RESIF à la communauté et montre les statistiques du centre de données. Il montre aussi comment le centre de donnée peut répondre aux nouveaux enjeux actuels (calcul intensif, données des réseaux denses, …). Ce poster a été présenté lors des Rencontres scientifiques et techniques RESIF qui se sont déroulées à Biarritz en novembre 2019. RESIF est une infrastructure de recherche nationale dédiée à l’observation et la compréhension de la structure et de la dynamique Terre interne. RESIF se base sur des réseaux d’observation de haut niveau technologique, composés d’instruments sismologiques, géodésiques et gravimétriques déployés de manière dense sur tout le territoire français. Les données recueillies permettent d’étudier avec une haute résolution spatio-temporelle la déformation du sol, les structures superficielles et profondes, la sismicité à l’échelle locale et globale et les aléas naturels, et plus particulièrement sismiques, sur le territoire français. RESIF s’intègre aux dispositifs européens (EPOS - European Plate Observing System) et mondiaux d’instruments permettant d’imager l’intérieur de la Terre dans sa globalité et d’étudier de nombreux phénomènes naturels

The T3SS-1 : not the only way for Salmonella to invade non phagocytic cells

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Rôle du microbiote intestinal dans le phénotype Super excréteur, crucial dans l'infection asymptomatique des poussins par Salmonella

Résumé de la conférence présentée à l'occasion du 42ème Congrès AFSTAL en octobre 2016 à NantesRôle du microbiote intestinal dans le phénotype Super excréteur, crucial dans l'infection asymptomatique des poussins par [i]Salmonella[/i

Invasion abilities of "<em>Salmonella</em>" strains unable to express one or more known invasion factors

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