Derived nominals from the nominal perspective

Derived Nominals are considered to be the last stage in the nominalization scale. This scale includes a continuum of structures with both nominal and verbal characteristics, and derived nominals are the most nouny in it. Unlike other intermediate structures derived nominals may be ambiguous between an event reading (event nominals) and a result reading (result nominals). Pluralization is one of the criteria proposed by Grimshaw (1990) to distinguish between the two: unlike result nominals, event nominals never admit pluralization. However, several recent works have argued that telic/bounded event nominals generally pluralize, unless some structural condition blocks it (Iordachioaia and Soare 2008, Alexiadou et al. 2008).This paper gathers evidence showing that (a)telicity/(un)boundedness alone does not explain the asymmetric behavior of event nominalizations with respect to the possibility to pluralize. In fact, certain telic event nominals are inherently equivalent to mass terms in the nominal domain and never admit pluralization or quantization. Syntactically, it is these derived nominals that lack the ClassP projection in their internal structure.The paper has the following parts. Section 1 places derived nominals within the nominalization scale. Section 2 gathers evidence from the literature showing that, contra Grimshaw (1990), event nominals can generally pluralize across languages. Section 3 introduces the exceptional cases for the current standard view: certain telic event nominals do not pluralize. In section 4 I follow Kamiya (2001) in relating the impossibility of those exceptional cases to pluralize to the inherent mass property of such nominals, and ultimately, to the lack of the nominal functional projection [+count] ClassP. Conclusions are reached in section 5

The complementary distribution between pro and lexical subjects

This paper presents an account of one of the problems regarding the distribution of controlled subjects: the complementary distribution between PRO and lexical DPs. The growing evidence showing that both types of subjects appear in configurations of regular Case suggests discarding the traditional idea that the distributional issue at hand is directly related to Case. In this paper, I spell out the traditional but vague idea that the T-Probe in Control is more defective than the T-Probe that licenses Lexical Subjects. Briefly, I suggest that T in Control is Partial in the sense that it lacks the [person] feature that is present in lexical subjects licensing.The paper has 7 parts. It starts by deciding that the object of study in this paper is the null subject involved in genuine Control relations, namely those motivated by Exhaustive Control predicates rather than by Partial Control predicates. In Section 3 I review the problem of the distribution of PRO and I outline the main solutions that have been suggested in the literature. Section 4 gathers evidence that demonstrates that PRO receives regular Case. This suggests discarding the proposals outlined in the previous section as valid both on empirical and theoretical grounds. Section 5 starts to reveal the ingredients responsible for the complementary distribution of PRO and lexical subjects: the categorial status of the embedded clause. Specifically, I show that Control predicates take TPs and not CPs as has been standardly assumed. Section 6 presents the Basque infinitival paradigm in detail, which will be crucial to show that Control T is Partial in the sense that it lacks the [person] feature that is present in DP subject licensing. Finally, section 7 explains why PRO and lexical subjects are only compatible with Partial-T and Complete-T, respectively

The complementary distribution between pro and lexical subjects

This paper presents an account of one of the problems regarding the distribution of controlled subjects: the complementary distribution between PRO and lexical DPs. The growing evidence showing that both types of subjects appear in configurations of regular Case suggests discarding the traditional idea that the distributional issue at hand is directly related to Case. In this paper, I spell out the traditional but vague idea that the T-Probe in Control is more defective than the T-Probe that licenses Lexical Subjects. Briefly, I suggest that T in Control is Partial in the sense that it lacks the [person] feature that is present in lexical subjects licensing.The paper has 7 parts. It starts by deciding that the object of study in this paper is the null subject involved in genuine Control relations, namely those motivated by Exhaustive Control predicates rather than by Partial Control predicates. In Section 3 I review the problem of the distribution of PRO and I outline the main solutions that have been suggested in the literature. Section 4 gathers evidence that demonstrates that PRO receives regular Case. This suggests discarding the proposals outlined in the previous section as valid both on empirical and theoretical grounds. Section 5 starts to reveal the ingredients responsible for the complementary distribution of PRO and lexical subjects: the categorial status of the embedded clause. Specifically, I show that Control predicates take TPs and not CPs as has been standardly assumed. Section 6 presents the Basque infinitival paradigm in detail, which will be crucial to show that Control T is Partial in the sense that it lacks the [person] feature that is present in DP subject licensing. Finally, section 7 explains why PRO and lexical subjects are only compatible with Partial-T and Complete-T, respectively

The Elaboration of human anatomy terminology for the Basque language : the contribution of translators, linguists and experts

En aquest article comparem la traducció d'un atles d'anatomia amb la revisió que es va encarregar a experts i lingüistes. L'objectiu és avaluar la mena de contribució que poden fer traductors, lingüistes i experts en l'elaboració de la terminologia de l'anatomia humana en basc. Analitzem les oracions que mostren discordances entre la traducció i la revisió respecte de les unitats lèxiques i les regles de formació usades. Hem observat que les correccions fetes pels experts i lingüistes tendeixen a substituir préstecs i calcs de regles de formació per unitats i estructures genuïnes. Arribem a la conclusió que les polítiques de planificació lingüística que pretenen proporcionar recursos terminològics propis en detriment de solucions dependents d'altres llengües no han estat assumides pels traductors per l'opacitat semàntica de la terminologia de l'anatomia i per la morfologia transparent del basc en comparació amb la del castellà.In this paper we compare the translation of an atlas of anatomy with the review that was carried out by experts in human anatomy and linguists. The goal is to evaluate the type of contribution that translators, linguists and experts can make in the elaboration of the terminology of human anatomy in Basque. We analyzed the sequences that showed discordances between translation and review with respect to the lexical units and the term formation patterns used. We found that the corrections made by experts and linguists show a clear tendency to replace lexical loanwords and calqued term formation rules by genuine elements and structures. We conclude that the aims of language planning policies of gradually providing the language with terminological resources that are less dependent on other languages have not been met by translators due to the semantic opacity of anatomical terminology and the transparent morphology of Basque compared with Spanish

Propensity score matched comparison of transcatheter aortic valve implantation versus conventional surgery in intermediate and low risk aortic stenosis patients: A hint of real-world

Background: Recently, the use of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in inter­mediate-low risk patients has been evaluated in the PARTNER II randomized trial. However, in the last years, this therapy has been employed in this scenario with underreported results, as compared to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Methods: We enrolled 362 consecutive patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis and intermediate-low surgical risk (logEuroSCORE < 20%), treated in our center with TAVI (103 patients) or single SAVR (259 patients) between 2009 and 2014. Patients were matched according to age, gender, logEuroSCORE, and use of bioprosthesis. Results: Mean age of the patients was 73 ± 10.4 years, and 40.3% were women. LogEuroSCORE and Society Thoracic Surgeons score were 7.0 ± 4.4% and 4.2 ± 2.5%, respectively, with mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 52 ± 9%. There were no differences regarding other comorbidities. The length-of-hospitalization was 11 ± 5 days after TAVI vs. 17 ± 9 days after SAVR (p = 0.003). After matched comparison, no differences in terms of in-hospital mortality (5.7% after TAVI vs. 2.9% after SAVR, p = 0.687) and 1-year mortality (11.4% vs. 7.1%, p = 0.381) were found. The combined endpoint of stroke and mortality at 1-year was also similar between both groups (15.7% in TAVI patients vs. 14.4% after SAVR, p = 0.136). Multivariate analysis determined that aortic regurgitation (AR) was an independent predictor of mortality (OR = 3.623, 95% CI: 1.267–10.358, p = 0.016). Although the rate of AR was higher after TAVI, none of the patients treated with the newest generation devices (10.7%) presented more than a mild degree of AR. Conclusions: TAVI is feasible and shows comparable results to surgery in terms of early, 1-year mortality, as well as cerebrovascular events in patients with severe aortic stenosis and intermediate-low operative risk. Better transvalvular gradients, yet higher rates of AR were found, however, newer devices presented comparable rate of AR.

Common variants in Alzheimer’s disease and risk stratification by polygenic risk scores

Funder: Funder: Fundación bancaria ‘La Caixa’ Number: LCF/PR/PR16/51110003 Funder: Grifols SA Number: LCF/PR/PR16/51110003 Funder: European Union/EFPIA Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Number: 115975 Funder: JPco-fuND FP-829-029 Number: 733051061Genetic discoveries of Alzheimer's disease are the drivers of our understanding, and together with polygenetic risk stratification can contribute towards planning of feasible and efficient preventive and curative clinical trials. We first perform a large genetic association study by merging all available case-control datasets and by-proxy study results (discovery n = 409,435 and validation size n = 58,190). Here, we add six variants associated with Alzheimer's disease risk (near APP, CHRNE, PRKD3/NDUFAF7, PLCG2 and two exonic variants in the SHARPIN gene). Assessment of the polygenic risk score and stratifying by APOE reveal a 4 to 5.5 years difference in median age at onset of Alzheimer's disease patients in APOE ɛ4 carriers. Because of this study, the underlying mechanisms of APP can be studied to refine the amyloid cascade and the polygenic risk score provides a tool to select individuals at high risk of Alzheimer's disease

Common variants in Alzheimer's disease and risk stratification by polygenic risk scores.

Funder: Funder: Fundación bancaria ‘La Caixa’ Number: LCF/PR/PR16/51110003 Funder: Grifols SA Number: LCF/PR/PR16/51110003 Funder: European Union/EFPIA Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Number: 115975 Funder: JPco-fuND FP-829-029 Number: 733051061Genetic discoveries of Alzheimer's disease are the drivers of our understanding, and together with polygenetic risk stratification can contribute towards planning of feasible and efficient preventive and curative clinical trials. We first perform a large genetic association study by merging all available case-control datasets and by-proxy study results (discovery n = 409,435 and validation size n = 58,190). Here, we add six variants associated with Alzheimer's disease risk (near APP, CHRNE, PRKD3/NDUFAF7, PLCG2 and two exonic variants in the SHARPIN gene). Assessment of the polygenic risk score and stratifying by APOE reveal a 4 to 5.5 years difference in median age at onset of Alzheimer's disease patients in APOE ɛ4 carriers. Because of this study, the underlying mechanisms of APP can be studied to refine the amyloid cascade and the polygenic risk score provides a tool to select individuals at high risk of Alzheimer's disease

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

Familial resemblance for the age at menarche in Basque population

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe