Student's perceptions of plagiarism

While plagiarism by college students is a serious problem that must be addressed, students generally overestimate the frequency of plagiarism at their schools and blame students they do not know for the majority of incidents. This study looked at students’ estimations of the frequency of plagiarism at a large urban college and explored how that varied over the full range of types of plagiarism, from using another author’s ideas to submitting an entire document copied verbatim from another author’s work. Analysis of student responses to survey items revealed they believe other students are far more likely than them to commit each type of plagiarism and they recognize that some types of plagiarism are more serious than others. The opportunity to reduce incidents of plagiarism by providing students with accurate information about plagiarism at their schools is discussed in the context of social norms theory

Profil Tokoh Remaja Minangkabau Dalam Cerpen-cerpen Remaja Harian Umum Singgalang Minggu

This study aimed to describe the profile in terms of adolescent Minangkabau outlook on life, responsibility, love, beauty, suffering and ideals of the juvenile short stories published by Daily Singgalang Sunday. Data were collected by means of : (1) read and understand short stories teen Singgalang daily publications Sunday, this is done to obtain a clear understanding of the profile of the studied adolescents , (2) record the speech and text can be abstracted as a teenager with profile data use a table format. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the profile of adolescents in juvenile short stories published by daily Singgalang Sunday, has a live view of the ideal form of self behaved , responsible , family and love for the opposite sex , is able to conclude a beauty and also have pain. From the discussion, it can be seen, the profile figure in Minangkabau teen teen short story published Sunday daily Singgalang have a view of life that is included in the category of idealism, pragmatism and materialism

Implementation and performance of SIBYLS: a dual endstation small-angle X-ray scattering and macromolecular crystallography beamline at the Advanced Light Source.

The SIBYLS beamline (12.3.1) of the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, supported by the US Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health, is optimized for both small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and macromolecular crystallography (MX), making it unique among the world's mostly SAXS or MX dedicated beamlines. Since SIBYLS was commissioned, assessments of the limitations and advantages of a combined SAXS and MX beamline have suggested new strategies for integration and optimal data collection methods and have led to additional hardware and software enhancements. Features described include a dual mode monochromator [containing both Si(111) crystals and Mo/B(4)C multilayer elements], rapid beamline optics conversion between SAXS and MX modes, active beam stabilization, sample-loading robotics, and mail-in and remote data collection. These features allow users to gain valuable insights from both dynamic solution scattering and high-resolution atomic diffraction experiments performed at a single synchrotron beamline. Key practical issues considered for data collection and analysis include radiation damage, structural ensembles, alternative conformers and flexibility. SIBYLS develops and applies efficient combined MX and SAXS methods that deliver high-impact results by providing robust cost-effective routes to connect structures to biology and by performing experiments that aid beamline designs for next generation light sources

Carbohydrate, phenolic and antioxidant level in relation to chlorophyll a content in oilseed winter rape (Brassica napus L.) inoculated with Leptosphaeria maculans

Syftet med föreliggande studien var att undersöka om sjuksköterskors egna rökvanor påverkar attityden till tobakspreventivt arbete på sjukhuset, både till tobakspreventivt arbete med patienterna och attityden till rökfritt sjukhus. Studien är empirisk och utfördes genom kvalitativa intervjuer med sex sjuksköterskor på en vårdavdelning på ett sjukhus i södra Sverige. Data från intervjuerna analyserades och resulterade i sju olika teman: Preventiva rollen, Kunskap om prevention, Vem skall leda det preventiva arbetet, Rökkontroll, Utbildningsnivå och rökning, Sjuksköterskan, en förebild?, Vem ska hjälpa patienten vid rökstopp på sjukhuset?, Är det någon skillnad mellan icke rökande och rökande vad avser rökpreventionen?. Den preventiva rollen hamnade i fokus och skillnader fanns mellan rökande och icke rökande sjuksköterskor både vad gäller preventivt omvårdnasarbete och kontrollThe aim of the present study is to investigate whether nurses smoking habits influence their attitude to tobacco prevention in hospitals, both in their work with patients and regarding their attitude to hospital smoking bans. The following question was posed: is there a difference between smoking and non-smoking nurses in patient-care activities regarding smoking prevention and control? The study is qualitative, based on qualitative interviews with six nurses at a ward of a hospital in Sweden. Interview data were analyzed and eight themes emerged: the role in prevention work knowledge of prevention who is to lead prevention work smoking control smoking and education levels the nurse as a role model who is to help the patient give up smoking possible differences between nonsmoking and smoking nurses regarding smoking prevention. The role in prevention work turned out to be central. Smoking nurses had greater difficulties in connection with preventive work and control, due to their personal experience of how hard it can be to give up smoking habits

ПСИХОЕМОЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ СТАТУС І ЙОГО КОРЕКЦІЯ ПРИ ЗАГРОЗІ ПЕРЕРИВАННЯ ВАГІТНОСТІ

Обстежена група практично здорових не вагітних, вагітних і пацієнток з загрозою переривання (167 жінок). По клінічному опитуванні для виявлення неврозних станів (К.К.Яхин, В.М.Менделевич) знайдено, що у практично здорових не вагітних жінок по різних шкалах станів психоемоціонального здоров’я в цілому від 6,7 % (ШВН) до 33,3 % (ШИТР) жінок, під час фізіологічної вагітності - від 13,3 % (ШТ) до (27, 9 %) пацієнток. При загрозі переривання психоемоційний статус характеризується станом дезадаптації або гіперадаптації. Застосування ДЄНС в комплексній терапії дозволило знизити медикаментозну нагрузку і зберегти вагітність у всіх обстежених. В групі порівняння вагітнсть збережена у 93 % випадків за рахунок довготривалої гормональної терапії

X-ray Diffraction and Molecular Dynamics Study of Medium-range Order in Ambient and Hot Water

We have developed x-ray diffraction measurements with high energy-resolution and accuracy to study water structure at three different temperatures (7, 25 and 66 C) under normal pressure. Using a spherically curved Ge crystal an energy resolution better than 15 eV has been achieved which eliminates influence from Compton scattering. The high quality of the data allows a precise oxygen-oxygen pair correlation function (PCF) to be directly derived from the Fourier transform of the experimental data resolving shell structure out to ~12 {\AA}, i.e. 5 hydration shells. Large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the TIP4P/2005 force-field reproduce excellently the experimental shell-structure in the range 4-12 {\AA} although less agreement is seen for the first peak in the PCF. The Local Structure Index [J. Chem. Phys. 104, 7671 (1996)] identifies a tetrahedral minority giving the intermediate-range oscillations in the PCF and a disordered majority providing a more featureless background in this range. The current study supports the proposal that the structure of liquid water, even at high temperatures, can be described in terms of a two-state fluctuation model involving local structures related to the high-density and low-density forms of liquid water postulated in the liquid-liquid phase transition hypothesis.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Chem. Chem. Phy

Short-Range Structural Transformations in Water at High Pressures

We report results of molecular dynamics simulations of liquid water at the temperature T=277 K for a range of high pressure. One aim of the study was to test the model Amoeba potential for description of equilibrium structural properties and dynamical processes in liquid water. The comparison our numerical results with the Amoeba and TIP5P potentials, our results of \emph{ab initio} molecular dynamics simulations and the experimental data reveals that the Amoeba potential reproduces correctly structural properties of the liquid water. Other aim of our work was related with investigation of the pressure induced structural transformations and their influence on the microscopic collective dynamics. We have found that the structural anomaly at the pressure $p_c\approx 2000$ Atm is related with the changes of the local, short-range order in liquid water within first two coordination shells. This anomaly specifies mainly by deformation of the hydrogen-bond network. We also discuss in detail the anomalous behavior of sound propagation in liquid water at high pressures and compare numerical results with the experimental data.Comment: 1 tex-file and 9 figure

Title: Water Structure as a Function of Temperature from X-ray Scattering Experiments and Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics

We present high-quality x-ray scattering experiments on pure water taken over a temperature range of 2°C to 77°C using a synchrotron beam line at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The ALS x-ray scattering intensities are qualitatively different in trend of maximum intensity over this temperature range compared to older x-ray experiments. While the common procedure is to report both the intensity curve and radial distribution function(s), the proper extraction of the real-space pair correlation functions from the experimental scattering is very difficult due to uncertainty introduced in the experimental corrections, the proper weighting of OO, OH, and HH contributions, and numerical problems of Fourier transforming truncated data in Q-space. Instead we consider the direct calculation of xray scattering spectra using electron densities derived from density functional theory based on real-space configurations generated with classical water models. The simulation of the experimental intensity is therefore definitive for determining radial distribution functions over a smaller Q-range. We find that the TIP4P, TIP5P and polarizable TIP4P-Pol2 water models, with DFT-LDA densities, show very good agreement with the experimental intensities, and TIP4P-Pol2 in particular shows quantitative agreement over the full temperature range. The resulting radial distribution functions from TIP4P-Pol2 provide the current best benchmarks for real-space water structure over the biologically relevant temperature range studied here. 1 Introduction Liquid water structure is characterized by x-ray (or neutron) diffraction that measures experimental intensities as a function of momentum transfer, Q=4πsin(θ/2)/λ, where λ is the wavelength and θ is the scattering angle with respect to the incident beam. The most recent x-ray data taken at ambient conditions at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory exhibited significant differences when compared to the scattering curves of past x-ray experiments The intensity is the true experimental observable in which error-bars are well-defined. However, it is typical practice for water scattering experiments to also report radial distributions in addition to the intensity profile, primarily because it is more convenient and practical to consider water structure in terms of real-space distribution functions (1) ( In this study we consider the direct calculation of x-ray scattering spectra using ab-initio density functional theory with the LDA functional over the temperature range studied by experiment. The generation of the real-space "snapshots" could come from either a first 3 principles molecular dynamics calculation Experimental Methods Experimental setup. The data collection was performed at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory on beam line 7.3.3. Doubly distilled and degassed water was used in each experiment, and several data sets with independent fillings of the sample holder were collected at each temperature (2°C, 11°C, 22°C, 33°C, 44°C, 55°C, 66°C, and 77°C). A silicon monochrometer was used to produce an x-ray beam with spot size on the order of 100µm, with 99% of the energy at 12.800 ± 0.001 keV or a wavelength of 0.9686Å. This wavelength provided the best compromise between sufficient flux and maximizing our 4 accessible Q-range. Data sets were collected with a flat slab water sample using a transmisson geometry, with the sample tilted with respect to the incoming x-ray beam by an angle of 30 o . A Bruker Charge Coupled Device (CCD) area detector, mounted on a Huber diffractometer and with dimensions of 9.6cm x 9.6cm collected the diffracted x-rays. In order to realize the full range of 0.1Å -1 < Q <11.1Å -1 provided in this study, the data were collected with the detector in three different positions which were pieced together for the final result. The sample to detector positions were determined to 100µm precision while the angle between the xray beam and the normal to detector face were characterized on the order of mrads. The geometries at each detector position were determined by collecting PbS powder patterns with the powder placed within the sample holder and fitting the resulting sharp Bragg rings to determine all the geometric parameters. A more detailed description of this procedure can be found in previous work Experimental corrections. The collected raw intensity data was transformed to a circularly integrated scattering cross-section on a per electron scale versus Q. The following divides the corrections into two parts. The first deals with corrections that must be applied generally to all detector positions such as absorption, geometric corrections, and polarization of the radiation. The second set of corrections deals with overlapping data from different panels and thus the contribution of background and sample holder scattering. Corrections to the intensities due to absorption by air, water, and window material are given by the form where I o is the intensity if there were no absorption in the sample, I is the measured intensity, t is the thickness, τ is the angle between the plane of the sample and the incident x-ray beam, and ν has the form ν=cosθsinτ+sinθcosφcosτ. The absorption coefficients, µ ρ , can be obtained from http://www-cxro.lbl.gov/optical_constants using a tabulated format based on 6 When the incident radiation is plane-polarized as in our experiment, the in-plane and outof-plane polarization is treated separately, and the measured intensities must be rescaled by the factor ( The data were also corrected for the 1/r 2 fall off of intensity, and correction for pixel orientation with respect to the incident radiation. We discovered that detector manufacturers attempt to provide a correction of this sort in their bundled software for data read-out. Corrections to the image collected by the CCD includes distortions introduced by the fiber optic tapers connecting the plate to the chip, a dark current correction that takes into account photoelectrons ejected by thermal motions in the CCDs and any low-level background radiation in the experimental hutch, and finally a flat field correction that provides a correction for variations in pixel sensitivity. This correction involves a calibration measurement that collects a reference image intensity using either a radioactive source or scattering from a fluorescent material at a set distance from the detector. The image is used to generate a scale factor for each pixel such that, when applied to the flat field image, each pixel measures the same intensity. The set distance with which this correction is calibrated varies among manufacturers. If the calibration experiment involves a relatively small source to detector distance, then the geometric corrections (1/r 2 fall off, pixel orientation) are implicitly taken into account by the manufacturer in the flat field correction. This is the case for the Bruker detector, so we need to "uncorrect" the collected image for the manufacturers geometry, and reapply the correct geometric corrections for our experiment. This is an insidious problem since these detector corrections are applied 7 before the "raw image" is available to the experimentalist, and the correction is not documented in the manufacturer literature. We next turn to the procedure for the subtraction of background that is required in order to match segments of the intensity over the full range of Q in this experiment

From proteomics to discovery of first-in-class ST2 inhibitors active in vivo

Soluble cytokine receptors function as decoy receptors to attenuate cytokine-mediated signaling and modulate downstream cellular responses. Dysregulated overproduction of soluble receptors can be pathological, such as soluble ST2 (sST2), a prognostic biomarker in cardiovascular diseases, ulcerative colitis, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Although intervention using an ST2 antibody improves survival in murine GVHD models, sST2 is a challenging target for drug development because it binds to IL-33 via an extensive interaction interface. Here, we report the discovery of small-molecule ST2 inhibitors through a combination of high-throughput screening and computational analysis. After in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessment, 3 compounds were selected for evaluation in 2 experimental GVHD models. We show that the most effective compound, iST2-1, reduces plasma sST2 levels, alleviates disease symptoms, improves survival, and maintains graft-versus-leukemia activity. Our data suggest that iST2-1 warrants further optimization to develop treatment for inflammatory diseases mediated by sST2