Holographic Complexity in Gauge/String Superconductors

Following a methodology similar to \cite{Alishahiha:2015rta}, we derive a holographic complexity for two dimensional holographic superconductors (gauge/string superconductors) with backreactions. Applying a perturbation method proposed by Kanno in Ref. \cite{kanno}, we study behaviors of the complexity for a dual quantum system near critical points. We show that when a system moves from the normal phase ($T>T_c$) to the superconductor phase ($T<T_c$), the holographic complexity will be divergent.Comment: 6 page

The relation among achievement goals and academic achievement in statistics: the mediating role of statistics anxiety and statistics self-efficacy

AbstractIn order to predict student's academic achievement in statistics in terms of achievement goals, statistics anxiety and statistics selfefficacy, 323 participants from Fars Peyame Noor Universities were selected via multi- stage cluster sampling and then were asked to fill in a set of questionnaires, consisted of achievement goals, statistics anxiety and statistics self-efficacy scales. Results of path analysis generally showed that achievement goals indirectly and through statistics anxiety and statistics self-efficacy affect students’ achievement in statistics. Moreover, results showed that unlike avoidance-performance goals, the indirect effect of mastery goals on statistical achievement is positive

Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Personnel of Health Centers in Babol, Iran

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are the most important cause of lost workdays and inefficiencies, medical costs, and workforce injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the musculoskeletal disorders in employees of Babol health centers in 2017. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 210 employees of Babol health centers. A questionnaire including demographic information and the Standard Nordic Questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test in SPSS 22 software. Results: The mean age of the personnel was 40.07 ± 8.46. The highest prevalence of disorders was reported in the waist (58.9%) and neck (54.1%) in the last year, and the lower back (46.9%) and neck (44.9%) in the last seven days. In the last year, 25.7% and 15.5% of the staff required the use of medical and physiotherapy services, respectively, due to disorders. There was a significant relation between behind-the-desk hours with neck (P= 0.002) and knee pain (P= 0.049). Conclusion: In order to prevent and control musculoskeletal disorders, regarding the high prevalence of them, it is necessary to program for educational workshops to increase personnel knowledge, as well as ergonomic interventions, redesigning the workplace, and using appropriate anthropometric equipment. Keywords: Musculoskeletal Disorders, Nordic Disease Questionnaire, Personnel of health center

The Relationship Between Dark and Light Dimensions of Personality with Life Satisfaction Mediated by Value Orientations

Different studies have examined the relationship between dark and light personality dimensions and life satisfaction. Using the structural equation method, this correlational descriptive study aimed to determine the relationship between dark and light dimensions of personality with life satisfaction as mediated by value orientations. To this end, 400 people who referred to health centers in Tabriz, Iran were selected through convenience sampling method. To collect data, Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, Dark Triad Personality Questionnaire, Light Triad Personality Questionnaire, and the Value System Questionnaire were used. Then the data were analyzed using the structural equation method. While the dark dimensions had a negative effect on life satisfaction, the light dimensions had a positive effect. There was a negative relationship between dark dimensions and life satisfaction as mediated by value orientations. Meanwhile, there was a positive relationship between light dimensions and life satisfaction as mediated by value orientations. Therefore, the dark and light dimensions of personality and the way of value orientation are related to the level of life satisfaction. Accordingly, researchers can examine the effectiveness of these variables on life satisfaction through developing psychotherapy interventions influencing the variables of dark and light dimensions of personality and value orientation.  Introduction*Various personality variables affect the level of life satisfaction. The dark dimensions, including antisocial, narcissism, and Machiavellianism, have a direct role in people's attitudes towards life (Paulhus ­­­&Williams, 2002). Various studies have shown the negative relationship between dark personality traits and life satisfaction (Marashi et al., 2017; Sharifinia & Harun Rashidi, 2020). The light dimensions, including three dimensions of humanity, faith in humanity, and Kantianism (Kaufman et al., 2019) along with the way of value orientation have a positive relationship with life satisfaction (Sadeghi et al., 2018). While people with light personality traits use developed defense mechanisms (Wood et al., 2010) leading to life satisfaction, people with dark personality traits choose anti-moral values ‌‌in life (Oboyle et al., 2012) which result in dissatisfaction with life. Considering the essential role of personality traits and the type of value orientation in the level of life satisfaction, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the dark and light dimensions of personality with life satisfaction mediated by value orientation. MethodThis descriptive correlational research used structural equation method. Using the available sampling method, a total of 400 individuals referring to the health centers in Tabriz, Iran were selected. The following four questionnaires were completed by participants.Life Satisfaction Questionnaire: This five-item scale was developed by Diener et al. (1985). A higher score indicates more satisfaction with life. Diener et al. obtained the reliability of this scale with Cronbach's alpha method (0.86). In the present study, Cronbach's alpha obtained for this scale was 0.78. Dark Triads Personality Questionnaire: This 12-item scale was designed by Johnson and Webster (2010) and includes three subscales: Machiavellianism, antisociality, and narcissism. Johnson and Webster reported the test-retest reliability coefficient of this questionnaire as 0.89 for the entire scale. In the present study, Cronbach's alphas obtained for Machiavellian, antisocial, and narcissistic subscales were 0.79, 0.69, and 0.73, respectively. Light Triads Personality Questionnaire: This scale was designed by Kaufman et al. (2019) and consists of three subscales: Kantianism, humanity, and faith in humanity. The internal reliability coefficient for this scale was estimated as 0.84 in the original study (Kaufman et al., 2019). In our study, Cronbach's alphas obtained for the variables of Kantianism, humanity, and faith in humanity were 0.69, 0.72, and 0.68, respectively. The Value System Questionnaire: This scale was developed by Schwartz (2006) and consists of 57 questions and ten scales of the value system. The Cronbach's alphas reported by Schwartz for the subscales of benevolence, traditionalism, conformity, security, power, arousal, hedonism, success, spontaneity, and cosmopolitanism were 0.61, 0.37, 0.48, 0.64, 0.50, 0.69, 0.79, 0.52, 0.53, 0.57, respectively. In the present study, the alpha obtained for each of the subscales was estimated to be more than 0.67. ResultsWhile the dark dimensions had a negative effect on life satisfaction, the light dimensions had a positive effect. There was a significant relationship between the dark and light dimensions with life satisfaction as mediated by value orientations. Table 1 shows the Pearson’s correlation matrix for the studied variables.  Table 1. Pearson’s Correlation Matrix for The Relationships between Research Variables4321Variables   11- Dark dimensions    1-0/61**2- Light dimensions   10/56**-0/58**3- Value orientation10/62**0/69**-0/64**4- Life satisfactionP<.01 According to Table 1, there was a significant negative relationship between the dark dimensions with light dimensions, value orientation, and life satisfaction. There was a significant positive relationship between the light dimensions with value orientations and life satisfaction. Also, there was a significant positive relationship between value orientations and life satisfaction.   .83                                                                                                                                .68                        .58               Figure 1. Structural Model of Dark and Light Dimensions Mediated by Value Orientation on Life Satisfaction To investigate the indirect relationship between the dark and light dimensions with life satisfaction as mediated by value orientations, the bootstrap method was used (Table 2).  Table 2. Bootstrap Results for Indirect Model RelationshipspUpper limitLower limitStandardized estimatorVariables 0/006 -0/027 - 0/200 -0/097The relationship between dark dimensions with life satisfaction mediated by value orientations0/0040/1940/0220/092The relationship between light dimensions with life satisfaction mediated by value orientations       P<0.05 The bootstrapping test results showed that dark dimensions had a negative indirect effect on life satisfaction mediated by value orientations (= -0.097); Also, light personality dimensions had a positive indirect effect on life satisfaction mediated by value orientations (= 0.092).ConclusionThis study investigated the relationship between the dark and light dimensions with life satisfaction through the mediating role of value orientation. According to the results, while the dark dimensions had a negative effect on life satisfaction, the light dimensions had a positive effect on it.  According to psychological theories, life satisfaction is widely influenced by a person's developmental background such as personality traits. Dark personality traits show the tendency to experience more unpleasant emotional states such as anger, sadness, despair, and other negative emotions. These people perceive life stressful and are dissatisfied with their social support, which can explain lower levels of life satisfaction. People with clear personality traits have extensive verbal and communication skills, which facilitates relationships with others, provides them with more social support, and increases life satisfaction.In our study, there was a relationship between the dark and light dimensions of personality with life satisfaction mediated by value orientations. People who have light personality dimensions experience more life satisfaction through choosing positive defense mechanisms, realistic views, and moral value orientations in life. People with dark personality dimensions adopt an anti-moral value orientation, which ultimately causes dissatisfaction with life. Accordingly, psychologists and counselors should pay more attention to the role of personality variables and value orientations in the beginning and continuation of psychological interventions in primary prevention programs and interventional and clinical work.Ethical ConsiderationCompliance with Ethical Guidelines: This research has the code of ethics IR.IAU.TABRIZ.REC.1400089 from the ethics committee of the research vice-chancellor of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch.Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed to the study. The first author written the first draft of the manuscript. The second author edited the manuscript. The third author advised result sections. The fourth author written the methods sections.Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest for this study.Funding: This study was conducted with no financial support.Acknowledgment: The authors thank all participants in the study.     *. Corresponding autho

Indukcija spermatogeneze nakon terapije azoospermične zamorčadi matičnim stanicama

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) provide a large quantitative alternative source for regenerative medicine. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of BM-MSCs in the treatment of busulfan-induced azoospermia in guinea pigs. BM-MSCs were isolated from the femur bones of 6 adult guinea pigs as the donor group, and characterized by morphology, MSC markers and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. A dose of 40 mg/kg of busulfan was administered at a 21 day interval to induce azoospermia in 6 guinea pigs. Thirty-five days after the second injection of busulfan, transplantation of 1×106 BM-MSCs was performed into the seminiferous tubules of the left testes. The right testis was considered as the positive busulfan treated control. The testes of the donor group were applied as an intact normal control. Then, 60 days after cell therapy, histopathological and histomorphometric evaluations of the testes were performed. The seminiferous tubules treated with BM-MSCs, similar to the intact group, showed a normal appearance of spermatogenesis in comparison to the busulfan-induced azoospermic testes. In conclusion, BM-MSCs were effective in the treatment of azoospermia in a guinea pig model where they restore the fertility of busulfan-induced azoospermic animals after transplantation of BM-MSCs. Therefore, this report could open a window in future to the possibility of BM-MSCs transplantation in the treatment of azoospermia in humans, but more studies should be undertaken for further verification.Mezenhimne matične stanice podrijetlom iz koštane srži (MMSKS) pružaju velike mogućnosti alternativnog izvora u regenerativnoj medicini. Ovo je istraživanje provedeno radi određivanja učinka MMSKS u svrhu liječenja azoospermije u zamorčadi izazvane busulfanom. MMSKS su bile izdvojene iz srži bedrene kosti od šestero odraslih zamorčića kao donorske skupine te im je određena morfologija, markeri te osteogenična i adipogenična diferencijacija. Doza od 40 mg/kg busulfana bila je zamorčićima primijenjena u razmaku od 21 dana. Tridesetipet dana nakon posljednje primjene busulfana provedena je transplantacija 1×106 MMSKS u sjemenonosne tubule lijevih sjemenika. Desni sjemenik uzet je kao pozitivna busulfan kontrola. Sjemenici donorske skupine uzeti su kao netaknuta normalna skupina. Nakon stanične terapije u trajanju od 60 dana provedena je histopatološka i histomorfometrijska prosudba sjemenika. Sjemenonosni tubuli obrađeni MMSKS, slično kao i neobrađena kontrolna skupina, pokazivali su normalnu spermatogenezu u usporedbi s busulfanom induciranim azoospermičnim sjemenicima. Zaključno se može reći da su MMSKS bile učinkovite u liječenju azoospermije na modelu zamorčadi te da se plodnost u azoospermičnih zamorčića vratila nakon transplantacije MMSKS. Stoga ovo istraživanje može ubuduće otvoriti prozor za mogućnost transplantacije MMSKS u svrhu liječenja azoospermije u čovjeka, premda su za potvrdu toga potrebna daljnja istraživanja

Establishment, Culture, and Characterization of Guinea Pig Fetal Fibroblast Cell

Establishment of Guinea pig fetal fibroblast cells and their biological evaluation before and after cryopreservation were the main purposes of this study. After determination of the proper age of pregnancy by ultrasonography, 30 days old fetuses of Guinea pigs were recovered. Their skins were cut into small pieces (1 mm2) and were cultured. When reaching 80–90% confluence, the cells were passaged. Cells of the second and eighth passages were cultured in 24-well plates (4×104 cells/well) for 6 days and three wells per day were counted. The average cell counts at each time point were then plotted against time and the population doubling time (PDT) was determined. Then, vials of cells (2×106 cells/mL) were cryopreserved for 1 month and after thawing, the cell viability was evaluated. The PDT of the second passage was about 23 h and for the eighth passage was about 30 h. The viability of the cultures was 95% in the second passage and 74.5% in the eighth passage. It was shown that the Guinea pig fetal fibroblast cell culture can be established using the adherent culture method while, after freezing, the viability indices of these cells were favorable

Preparation, characterization, and in ovo vaccination of dextran-spermine nanoparticle DNA vaccine coexpressing the fusion and hemagglutinin genes against Newcastle disease

Plasmid DNA (pDNA)-based vaccines have emerged as effective subunit vaccines against viral and bacterial pathogens. In this study, a DNA vaccine, namely plasmid internal ribosome entry site-HN/F, was applied in ovo against Newcastle disease (ND). Vaccination was carried out using the DNA vaccine alone or as a mixture of the pDNA and dextran-spermine (D-SPM), a nanoparticle used for pDNA delivery. The results showed that in ovo vaccination with 40 µg pDNA/egg alone induced high levels of antibody titer (P0.05). Higher antibody titer was observed in the group immunized with 40 µg pDNA/egg at 4 weeks postvaccination. The findings also showed that vaccination with 40 µg pDNA/egg alone was able to confer protection against Newcastle disease virus strain NDIBS002 in two out of seven SPF chickens. Although the chickens produced antibody titers 3 weeks after in ovo vaccination, it was not sufficient to provide complete protection to the chickens from lethal viral challenge. In addition, vaccination with pDNA/D-SPM complex did not induce high antibody titer when compared with naked pDNA. Therefore, it was concluded that DNA vaccination with plasmid internal ribosome entry site-HN/F can be suitable for in ovo application against ND, whereas D-SPM is not recommended for in ovo gene delivery.Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovations (MOSTI), Malaysia, for the research grant (ERGS/1-2012/5527122), and Institute of Bioscience, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (IBS HICoE) grant from the Ministry of Higher Education, Government of Malaysi

Subnational mapping of HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–18 : a modelling study

Background: High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000–18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and treatment estimates to estimate HIV incidence and mortality by second-level administrative unit. Findings: The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incidence and mortality rates both between and within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater difference in estimated HIV incidence between the second-level administrative units with the lowest and highest estimated incidence levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incidence ranged from 2 ·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1–3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4–1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and HIV mortality ranged from 0·8 (0·7–0·9) in Mauritania to 676· 5 (513· 6–888·0) deaths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incidence and mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and the highest estimated rates were accordingly higher. Among second-level administrative units, Guijá District, Gaza Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV incidence (4661·7 [2544·8–8120·3]) cases per 100000 people in 2018 and Inhassunge District, Zambezia Province, Mozambique, had the highest estimated HIV mortality rate (1163·0 [679·0–1866·8]) deaths per 100 000 people. Further, the rate of reduction in HIV incidence and mortality from 2000 to 2018, as well as the ratio of new infections to the number of people living with HIV was highly variable. Although most second-level administrative units had declines in the number of new cases (3316 [81· 1%] of 4087 units) and number of deaths (3325 [81·4%]), nearly all appeared well short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths between 2010 and 2020. Interpretation: Our estimates suggest that most second-level administrative units in sub-Saharan Africa are falling short of the targeted 75% reduction in new cases and deaths by 2020, which is further compounded by substantial within-country variability. These estimates will help decision makers and programme implementers expand access to ART and better target health resources to higher burden subnational areas

Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990-2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was 1·94 (1·76–2·12). No regions met suggested thresholds for progress. Interpretation: Sub-Saharan Africa had both the highest HIV burden and the greatest progress between 1990 and 2019. The number of incident cases and deaths in males and females approached parity in 2019, although there remained more females with HIV than males with HIV. Globally, the HIV epidemic is far from the UNAIDS benchmarks on progress metrics. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe