Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Plastische Chirurgie der funktionsbehindernden Verbrennungsnarben bei Kindern in Entwicklungsländern

The IPRO 311 Team’s overall objective is to create a conceptual design and branding of IIT as an eco-friendly campus, promoting sustainability to students, faculty and visitors. IPRO 311 is sponsored by IIT Marketing and Communication Department which seeks to portray a message of the university’s accomplishments in the area of sustainability and future capabilities. Furthermore, this project is driven by the interests of two IIT trustees with an interest to enhance the visibility of the IIT Main Campus from the I-94 expressway and other challenging vantage points (US Cellular Field, Sears Tower, McCormick Place, 2016 Olympics venues, etc.) Disney Imagineering is project partner participating with the Team through brainstorming discussion assisting the Team in building the IIT Brand. Initially, the focus of the IPRO was the development of signage that could represent sustainability and be situated at a prominent location on campus visible to the public. After several class discussions, the vision of the IRPO broadened, to develop an overall campus sustainable conceptual design, incorporating signage as one of the elements. Successful completion of the goals presented here will require each participant to gain useful experience and knowledge regarding teamwork, inter-professional skills and specifically sustainable concepts. There are several interrelated objectives: (1) Build IIT brand awareness and campus visibility in ways that are aesthetically pleasing, exciting and memorable. (2) Create an eco-friendly, self-sustained project that promotes general awareness of activities within the university among students, staff, faculty and the community. (3) Play a leadership role in supporting Mayor Daley's vision for creating a ultra-green Chicago by 2020. (4) Create an IIT campus sustainability plan for future IPROs to build upon.Deliverable

Campus Branding/ Sustainability Image (Semester Unknown) IPRO 311

The IPRO 311 Team’s overall objective is to create a conceptual design and branding of IIT as an eco-friendly campus, promoting sustainability to students, faculty and visitors. IPRO 311 is sponsored by IIT Marketing and Communication Department which seeks to portray a message of the university’s accomplishments in the area of sustainability and future capabilities. Furthermore, this project is driven by the interests of two IIT trustees with an interest to enhance the visibility of the IIT Main Campus from the I-94 expressway and other challenging vantage points (US Cellular Field, Sears Tower, McCormick Place, 2016 Olympics venues, etc.) Disney Imagineering is project partner participating with the Team through brainstorming discussion assisting the Team in building the IIT Brand. Initially, the focus of the IPRO was the development of signage that could represent sustainability and be situated at a prominent location on campus visible to the public. After several class discussions, the vision of the IRPO broadened, to develop an overall campus sustainable conceptual design, incorporating signage as one of the elements. Successful completion of the goals presented here will require each participant to gain useful experience and knowledge regarding teamwork, inter-professional skills and specifically sustainable concepts. There are several interrelated objectives: (1) Build IIT brand awareness and campus visibility in ways that are aesthetically pleasing, exciting and memorable. (2) Create an eco-friendly, self-sustained project that promotes general awareness of activities within the university among students, staff, faculty and the community. (3) Play a leadership role in supporting Mayor Daley's vision for creating a ultra-green Chicago by 2020. (4) Create an IIT campus sustainability plan for future IPROs to build upon.Deliverable

Campus Branding/ Sustainability Image (Semester Unknown) IPRO 311: Campus BrandingSustainability Image IPRO 311 MidTerm Report Sp08

The IPRO 311 Team’s overall objective is to create a conceptual design and branding of IIT as an eco-friendly campus, promoting sustainability to students, faculty and visitors. IPRO 311 is sponsored by IIT Marketing and Communication Department which seeks to portray a message of the university’s accomplishments in the area of sustainability and future capabilities. Furthermore, this project is driven by the interests of two IIT trustees with an interest to enhance the visibility of the IIT Main Campus from the I-94 expressway and other challenging vantage points (US Cellular Field, Sears Tower, McCormick Place, 2016 Olympics venues, etc.) Disney Imagineering is project partner participating with the Team through brainstorming discussion assisting the Team in building the IIT Brand. Initially, the focus of the IPRO was the development of signage that could represent sustainability and be situated at a prominent location on campus visible to the public. After several class discussions, the vision of the IRPO broadened, to develop an overall campus sustainable conceptual design, incorporating signage as one of the elements. Successful completion of the goals presented here will require each participant to gain useful experience and knowledge regarding teamwork, inter-professional skills and specifically sustainable concepts. There are several interrelated objectives: (1) Build IIT brand awareness and campus visibility in ways that are aesthetically pleasing, exciting and memorable. (2) Create an eco-friendly, self-sustained project that promotes general awareness of activities within the university among students, staff, faculty and the community. (3) Play a leadership role in supporting Mayor Daley's vision for creating a ultra-green Chicago by 2020. (4) Create an IIT campus sustainability plan for future IPROs to build upon.Deliverable

Campus Branding/ Sustainability Image (Semester Unknown) IPRO 311: Campus BrandingSustainability Image IPRO 311 Final Report Sp08

The IPRO 311 Team’s overall objective is to create a conceptual design and branding of IIT as an eco-friendly campus, promoting sustainability to students, faculty and visitors. IPRO 311 is sponsored by IIT Marketing and Communication Department which seeks to portray a message of the university’s accomplishments in the area of sustainability and future capabilities. Furthermore, this project is driven by the interests of two IIT trustees with an interest to enhance the visibility of the IIT Main Campus from the I-94 expressway and other challenging vantage points (US Cellular Field, Sears Tower, McCormick Place, 2016 Olympics venues, etc.) Disney Imagineering is project partner participating with the Team through brainstorming discussion assisting the Team in building the IIT Brand. Initially, the focus of the IPRO was the development of signage that could represent sustainability and be situated at a prominent location on campus visible to the public. After several class discussions, the vision of the IRPO broadened, to develop an overall campus sustainable conceptual design, incorporating signage as one of the elements. Successful completion of the goals presented here will require each participant to gain useful experience and knowledge regarding teamwork, inter-professional skills and specifically sustainable concepts. There are several interrelated objectives: (1) Build IIT brand awareness and campus visibility in ways that are aesthetically pleasing, exciting and memorable. (2) Create an eco-friendly, self-sustained project that promotes general awareness of activities within the university among students, staff, faculty and the community. (3) Play a leadership role in supporting Mayor Daley's vision for creating a ultra-green Chicago by 2020. (4) Create an IIT campus sustainability plan for future IPROs to build upon.Deliverable

Campus Branding/ Sustainability Image (Semester Unknown) IPRO 311: Campus BrandingSustainability Image IPRO 311 Brochure Sp08

The IPRO 311 Team’s overall objective is to create a conceptual design and branding of IIT as an eco-friendly campus, promoting sustainability to students, faculty and visitors. IPRO 311 is sponsored by IIT Marketing and Communication Department which seeks to portray a message of the university’s accomplishments in the area of sustainability and future capabilities. Furthermore, this project is driven by the interests of two IIT trustees with an interest to enhance the visibility of the IIT Main Campus from the I-94 expressway and other challenging vantage points (US Cellular Field, Sears Tower, McCormick Place, 2016 Olympics venues, etc.) Disney Imagineering is project partner participating with the Team through brainstorming discussion assisting the Team in building the IIT Brand. Initially, the focus of the IPRO was the development of signage that could represent sustainability and be situated at a prominent location on campus visible to the public. After several class discussions, the vision of the IRPO broadened, to develop an overall campus sustainable conceptual design, incorporating signage as one of the elements. Successful completion of the goals presented here will require each participant to gain useful experience and knowledge regarding teamwork, inter-professional skills and specifically sustainable concepts. There are several interrelated objectives: (1) Build IIT brand awareness and campus visibility in ways that are aesthetically pleasing, exciting and memorable. (2) Create an eco-friendly, self-sustained project that promotes general awareness of activities within the university among students, staff, faculty and the community. (3) Play a leadership role in supporting Mayor Daley's vision for creating a ultra-green Chicago by 2020. (4) Create an IIT campus sustainability plan for future IPROs to build upon.Deliverable

Campus Branding/ Sustainability Image (Semester Unknown) IPRO 311: Campus BrandingSustainability Image IPRO 311 Ethics Sp08

The IPRO 311 Team’s overall objective is to create a conceptual design and branding of IIT as an eco-friendly campus, promoting sustainability to students, faculty and visitors. IPRO 311 is sponsored by IIT Marketing and Communication Department which seeks to portray a message of the university’s accomplishments in the area of sustainability and future capabilities. Furthermore, this project is driven by the interests of two IIT trustees with an interest to enhance the visibility of the IIT Main Campus from the I-94 expressway and other challenging vantage points (US Cellular Field, Sears Tower, McCormick Place, 2016 Olympics venues, etc.) Disney Imagineering is project partner participating with the Team through brainstorming discussion assisting the Team in building the IIT Brand. Initially, the focus of the IPRO was the development of signage that could represent sustainability and be situated at a prominent location on campus visible to the public. After several class discussions, the vision of the IRPO broadened, to develop an overall campus sustainable conceptual design, incorporating signage as one of the elements. Successful completion of the goals presented here will require each participant to gain useful experience and knowledge regarding teamwork, inter-professional skills and specifically sustainable concepts. There are several interrelated objectives: (1) Build IIT brand awareness and campus visibility in ways that are aesthetically pleasing, exciting and memorable. (2) Create an eco-friendly, self-sustained project that promotes general awareness of activities within the university among students, staff, faculty and the community. (3) Play a leadership role in supporting Mayor Daley's vision for creating a ultra-green Chicago by 2020. (4) Create an IIT campus sustainability plan for future IPROs to build upon.Deliverable

Campus Branding/ Sustainability Image (Semester Unknown) IPRO 311: Campus BrandingSustainability Image IPRO 311 Final Presentation Sp08

The IPRO 311 Team’s overall objective is to create a conceptual design and branding of IIT as an eco-friendly campus, promoting sustainability to students, faculty and visitors. IPRO 311 is sponsored by IIT Marketing and Communication Department which seeks to portray a message of the university’s accomplishments in the area of sustainability and future capabilities. Furthermore, this project is driven by the interests of two IIT trustees with an interest to enhance the visibility of the IIT Main Campus from the I-94 expressway and other challenging vantage points (US Cellular Field, Sears Tower, McCormick Place, 2016 Olympics venues, etc.) Disney Imagineering is project partner participating with the Team through brainstorming discussion assisting the Team in building the IIT Brand. Initially, the focus of the IPRO was the development of signage that could represent sustainability and be situated at a prominent location on campus visible to the public. After several class discussions, the vision of the IRPO broadened, to develop an overall campus sustainable conceptual design, incorporating signage as one of the elements. Successful completion of the goals presented here will require each participant to gain useful experience and knowledge regarding teamwork, inter-professional skills and specifically sustainable concepts. There are several interrelated objectives: (1) Build IIT brand awareness and campus visibility in ways that are aesthetically pleasing, exciting and memorable. (2) Create an eco-friendly, self-sustained project that promotes general awareness of activities within the university among students, staff, faculty and the community. (3) Play a leadership role in supporting Mayor Daley's vision for creating a ultra-green Chicago by 2020. (4) Create an IIT campus sustainability plan for future IPROs to build upon.Deliverable