Plan de empresa: organización de eventos deportivos

[ES] A lo largo del presente trabajo se puede ver un proyecto de creación de una empresa de organización de eventos deportivos de running y mountain bike. Este documento constituye un plan de empresa para un hipotético negocio, que puede ser desarrollado en la realidad en el futuro. De manera introductoria hablaremos de los motivos que han llevado al autor a la realización de este proyecto en particular, explicando de donde ha surgido la idea y el por qué de su motivación y posterior desarrollo aquí plasmado. A continuación haremos un análisis estratégico del entorno de la empresa, comenzando desde fuera, hacia dentro, es decir, del entorno general que rodea a esta actividad, hasta el entorno más cercano y la propia empresa. Este análisis comienza con el estudio del macroentorno de la empresa, el cual ha sido analizado a través del modelo PEST, que incluye los factores políticos, económicos, sociales y tecnológicos que le rodean. Tras el macroentorno, estudiaremos el microentorno, es decir, el entorno más cercano y que afecta de manera directa a la empresa, su propio sector. Para ello se utilizará el modelo de las 5 fuerzas de Porter, que estudia a los clientes, proveedores, competidores, productos sustitutivos y barreras de entrada al mercado. Se profundizará en el estudio de las empresas rivales dentro del mercado en el que compita nuestra empresa; y por último, analizaremos mediante una matriz DAFO, las fortalezas y debilidades a nivel interno de la empresa propuesta, y las oportunidades y amenazas que se le presentan. El siguiente punto de este trabajo se refiere al Plan de Operaciones, de la empresa, donde veremos la localización escogida para iniciar su actividad y los procesos que realizará para llevarla a cabo. El punto siguiente habla de la propia organización. Nos mostrará cuales serán su misión, visión y valores. Se elegirá el régimen jurídico y fiscal más adecuado a las características de la empresa y se definirá la estructura de puesto de trabajo y recursos humanos. El Plan de Marketing, es el siguiente punto. En él definiremos cual es el mercado y el público objetivo de nuestro servicio y una vez determinado, estudiaremos las variables producto, servicio, precio y promoción, de manera que definamos las mismas y con ellas la estrategia de la empresa para competir en el mercado. Analizaremos seguidamente, los aspectos económico-financieros previsionales para la empresa, de manera que nos sirva de base para determinar la viabilidad de este proyecto y su potencial. Para ello nos serviremos de unas estimaciones sobre el volumen de operaciones e ingresos y gastos, sobre las que construiremos los estados contables previstos. Para finalizar el trabajo, elaboraremos un punto de conclusiones, que resumirá todos los aspectos más importantes y destacables de cada capítulo del trabajo, y hará una valoración final del plan de empresa. Cerraremos el trabajo con la Bibliografía, que recoge las consultas realizadas por el autor para la realización del plan de empresa.Hortelano Hontangas, D. (2013). PLAN DE EMPRESA: ORGANIZACIÓN DE EVENTOS DEPORTIVOS. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/35139.Archivo delegad

Modification of the optical and structural properties of ZnO nanowires by low-energy Ar+ ion sputtering

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1556-276X-8-162The effects of low-energy (≤2 kV) Ar+ irradiation on the optical and structural properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) grown by a simple and cost-effective low-temperature technique were investigated. Both photoluminescence spectra from ZnO NW-coated films and cathodoluminescence analysis of individual ZnO NWs demonstrated obvious evidences of ultraviolet/visible luminescent enhancement with respect to irradiation fluence. Annihilation of the thinner ZnO NWs after the ion bombardment was appreciated by means of high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which results in an increasing NW mean diameter for increasing irradiation fluences. Corresponding structural analysis by TEM pointed out not only significant changes in the morphology but also in the microstructure of these NWs, revealing certain radiation-sensitive behavior. The possible mechanisms accounting for the decrease of the deep-level emissions in the NWs with the increasing irradiation fluences are discussed according to their structural modificationsThis work has been supported by the MICINN (project no. MAT2010-15206) and the EU (COST Action MP0805

Cell encapsulation:Promise and progress

In cell encapsulation, transplanted cells are protected from immune rejection by an artificial, semipermeable membrane, potentially allowing transplantation (allo-or xenotransplantation) without the need for immunosuppression. Yet, despite some promising results in animal studies, the field has not lived up to expectations, and clinical products based on encapsulated cell technology continue to elude the scientific community. This commentary discusses the reasons for this, summarizes recent progress in the field and outlines what is needed to bring this technology closer to clinical application

A survey of evaluation platforms for ad hoc routing protocols: a resilience perspective

Routing protocols allow for the spontaneous formation of wireless multi-hop networks without dedicated infrastructure, also known as ad hoc networks. Despite significant technological advances, difficulties associated with the evaluation of ad hoc routing protocols under realistic conditions, still hamper their maturation and significant roll out in real world deployments. In particular, the resilience evaluation of ad hoc routing protocols is essential to determine their ability of keeping the routing service working despite the presence of changes, such as accidental faults or malicious ones (attacks). However, the resilience dimension is not always addressed by the evaluation platforms that are in charge of assessing these routing protocols. In this paper, we provide a survey covering current state-of-the-art evaluation platforms in the domain of ad hoc routing protocols paying special attention to the resilience dimension. The goal is threefold. First, we identify the most representative evaluation platforms and the routing protocols they have evaluated. Then, we analyse the experimental methodologies followed by such evaluation platforms. Finally, we create a taxonomy to characterise experimental properties of such evaluation platforms.This work is partially supported by the Spanish Project ARENES (TIN2012-38308-C02-01), the ANR French Project AMORES (ANR-11-INSE-010), and the Intel Doctoral Student Honour Programme 2012.Friginal López, J.; Andrés Martínez, DD.; Ruiz García, JC.; Martínez Raga, M. (2014). A survey of evaluation platforms for ad hoc routing protocols: a resilience perspective. Computer Networks. 75(A):395-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2014.09.010S39541375

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Time to Switch to Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Europe and Thailand.

Background: Data on durability of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are limited. We assessed time to switch to second-line therapy in 16 European countries and Thailand. Methods: Children aged <18 years initiating combination ART (≥2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs] plus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NNRTI] or boosted protease inhibitor [PI]) were included. Switch to second-line was defined as (i) change across drug class (PI to NNRTI or vice versa) or within PI class plus change of ≥1 NRTI; (ii) change from single to dual PI; or (iii) addition of a new drug class. Cumulative incidence of switch was calculated with death and loss to follow-up as competing risks. Results: Of 3668 children included, median age at ART initiation was 6.1 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.7-10.5) years. Initial regimens were 32% PI based, 34% nevirapine (NVP) based, and 33% efavirenz based. Median duration of follow-up was 5.4 (IQR, 2.9-8.3) years. Cumulative incidence of switch at 5 years was 21% (95% confidence interval, 20%-23%), with significant regional variations. Median time to switch was 30 (IQR, 16-58) months; two-thirds of switches were related to treatment failure. In multivariable analysis, older age, severe immunosuppression and higher viral load (VL) at ART start, and NVP-based initial regimens were associated with increased risk of switch. Conclusions: One in 5 children switched to a second-line regimen by 5 years of ART, with two-thirds failure related. Advanced HIV, older age, and NVP-based regimens were associated with increased risk of switch

Estudio de la problemática de inundabilidad del río Tuéjar a su paso por el municipio de Calles (Valencia) y proyecto básico de pasarela peatonal: Estudio hidrológico e hidráulico

[ES] Este trabajo se centra en dar solución a un problema de inundabilidad que se genera en períodos de avenida en la población y dotarla de una segunda conexión segura entre márgenes que respete el gálibo necesario. Se opta por el predimensionamiento de una pasarela de madera. Para ello, por un lado, se realizan los pertinentes estudios hidráulicos e hidrólogicos para tener conocimiento del nivel de lámina de agua que se alcanza en la zona, y por otro, en base a los resultados obtenidos y teniendo en cuenta la actual situación urbanística, se proponen posibles soluciones constructivas eficientes e integradas. Estas soluciones se enmarcarán dentro de unas condiciones de idoneidad ecológica e hidráulica, garantizando una integración paisajística y medioambiental contribuyendo a una recuperación del territorio fluvial y promoviendo el uso del parque natural que forman las llanuras naturales de inundación aledañas al margen del río. Se fomentará la recuperación autóctona de ribera y la creación de ecosendas en ambos márgenes.[CA] Aquest treball se centra a donar solució a un problema d'inundabilitat que es genera en períodes d'avinguda en la població i dotar-la d'una segona connexió segura entre marges que respecti el gàlib necessari. S'opta pel predimensionament d'una passarel·la de fusta. Per a això, d'una banda, es realitzen els pertinents estudis hidràulics i hidrològics per tenir coneixement del nivell de làmina d'aigua que s'aconsegueix a la zona, i de l'altra, en base als resultats obtinguts i tenint en compte l'actual situació urbanística, es proposen possibles solucions constructives eficients i integrades. Aquestes solucions s'emmarcaran dins d'unes condicions d'idoneïtat ecològica i hidràulica, garantint una integració paisatgística i mediambiental contribuint a una recuperació del territori fluvial i promovent l'ús del parc natural que formen les planes naturals d'inundació veïnes al marge del riu. Es fomentarà la recuperació autòctona de ribera i la creació d'ecosendas en ambdós marges.[EN] This work focuses on solving a problem of flooding that is generated in periods of flood in the population and provide a second secure connection between margins that respects the necessary gauge. We opted for the dimensioning of a wooden walkway. In order to do this, on the one hand, the relevant hydraulic and hydrological studies are carried out in order to be aware of the level of water that is reached in the area and, on the other hand, based on the results obtained and taking into account the current urban situation, Possible efficient and integrated constructive solutions are proposed. These solutions will be framed within conditions of ecological and hydraulic suitability, guaranteeing a landscape and environmental integration contributing to a recovery of the fluvial territory and promoting the use of the natural park that form the natural floodplains bordering the river. Indigenous riparian recovery and the creation of ecosystems on both margins will be encouraged.Ruiz Hortelano, D. (2017). Estudio de la problemática de inundabilidad del río Tuéjar a su paso por el municipio de Calles (Valencia) y proyecto básico de pasarela peatonal: Estudio hidrológico e hidráulico. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/87194.Archivo delegad

Data science and learning analytics applied to the video game Articoding for the evaluation of basic concepts in secundary school students

Trabajo de Fin de Grado en Ingeniería Informática, Facultad de Informática UCM, Departamento de Ingeniería del Software e Inteligencia Artificial, Curso 2022/2023.Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado se centra en el desarrollo de una herramienta para evaluar el conocimiento adquirido por los jugadores en juegos serios de programación. El proyecto aborda específicamente los desafíos que enfrentan los profesores al monitorear el juego de los estudiantes y evaluar el conocimiento adquirido durante el juego. Con este fin se utiliza Articoding, un juego gratuito y de código abierto que cumple con los estándares de recopilación de datos. Mediante el uso de xAPI para la recopilación de datos, el proyecto tiene como objetivo proporcionar a los profesores una plataforma con análisis y visualización de datos detalladas para facilitar una evaluación efectiva. El trabajo incluyó jugar a Articoding, identificar métricas de análisis útiles, desarrollar una plataforma web para la visualización de datos y realizar evaluaciones de usuarios. Gracias a este enfoque, se pudo garantizar una mejora continua y la alineación con los requisitos de los usuarios. Los resultados contribuyen a mejorar la educación y las prácticas de evaluación de la programación en las escuelas primarias y secundarias.This Bachelor's thesis focuses on the development of a tool to assess the knowledge acquired by players in serious programming games. The project specifically addresses the challenges faced by teachers in monitoring student gameplay and evaluating the knowledge acquired during the game. To this end, Articoding is used, a free and open-source game that complies with data collection standards. By using xAPI for data collection, the project aims to provide teachers a platform with detailed analysis and visualization of data to facilitate effective evaluation. The work involved playing Articoding, identifying useful analysis metrics, developing a web platform for data visualization, and conducting user assessments. Thanks to this approach, continuous improvement and alignment with user requirements could be ensured. The results contribute to improving programming education and assessment practices in primary and secondary schools.Depto. de Ingeniería de Software e Inteligencia Artificial (ISIA)Fac. de InformáticaTRUEunpu

Effects of drip irrigation design on a lemon and a young persimmon orchard in semi-arid conditions

© 2021 by the authors.Drip irrigation is presently widely recognized as the most efficient irrigation system that can be used in woody perennial crops. However, uncertainties exist on the more appropriate agronomic design to employ. Here, we summarized the research carried out for three seasons in two young woody perennial crops (persimmon and lemon) in southeastern Spain. Several irrigation designs were compared by maintaining a similar amount of water application but varying the number of emitters and pipelines in each row in the orchard. In the lemon trial, the agronomic irrigation design was additionally combined with different irrigation regimes, comparing full irrigation (FI) with sustained deficit irrigation (SDI). In the persimmon trees, which were still at the juvenility stage, varying the number of emitters per tree or the number of drip lines per tree row, neither affects tree performance nor fruit yield in two out of the three seasons. However, over the entire experimental period, the relative trunk growth increased when more emitters were employed. In the lemon trial, carried out with trees that had reached commercial production, the FI, compared with SDI, increased trunk growth and average fruit weight, while a reduced number of fruits per tree without affecting total yield was observed in the third year of experimentation. The number of emitters per tree only had an effect the first year, increasing lemon fruit weight when the number of drippers per tree increased. In addition, fruit composition was not consistently affected by the irrigation design. It is concluded that, for a given irrigation dose, irrigation frequency, and soil conditions (loam-clay texture), in both very young and more mature trees, increasing the number of emitters or the wetted area only had some slight positive effects on tree performance.This research was funded by AEI with FEDER co-financing projects RiegoTeL and Preciriego grant numbers RTC-2016-4972-2 and RTC-2017-6365-2