Summary report of the Simulation Committee

Topics discussed by the simulation committee included: (1) simulators and their uses; (2) atmospheric disturbance modeling requirements; (3) Status of simulators' capabilities for modeling disturbances; and (4) status of atmospheric disturbance models. Also discussed were specific problem areas; simulation studies criteria, aircraft/atmospheric disturbance response modeling and pilot learning effects

Quantifying upland boreal forest successional pathways near Fairbanks, Alaska

Thesis (M.S.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2005Previous studies have suggested that post-fire forest succession in Interior Alaska can occur in two different ways. Self-replacement occurs when pre-fire dominant species immediately replace themselves as the canopy dominants after fire. Species-dominance relay occurs when, after simultaneously establishing themselves after fire, deciduous trees relinquish canopy dominance to conifer species as the stand ages. The relative importance of these different successional processes at landscape scales in Interior Alaska is unknown. To test for the importance of these two trajectories, we built a multinomial logistic regression model explaining the relationship between classified vegetation type and topographic variables. We also determined the relative occurrence of species-dominance relay by comparing aged stands to known successional patterns. The model correctly predicted 78% of spruce distribution, and the majority of stands are not following the species-dominance relay pattern, implying that most of the study area appears to be following a self-replacement trajectory with only a small proportion of sites capable of supporting both deciduous and spruce species. These results have important implications for modeling forest succession in Interior Alaska because of the importance of these dynamics in determining the fire regime, carbon storage, and global warming scenarios

Premix molding compounds : the effect of processing technique on profitability and product integrity

Premix molding compounds, presently manufactured in a double-armed blade kneader mixer, can now be prepared by a new and unique method utilizing a high speed densifier. Compounds processed in a kneader mixer, by virtue of its overlapping, shear mixing motion, are extremely susceptible to glass fiber degradation and. consequent mechanical strength reductions in moldings. Previously, as this was the only equipment, available with the capability to admix highly viscous materials, processors would formulate and design to compensate for the resultant property reductions that are encountered. Also typical of conventional kneader mixer processes is an inherent materials handling problem and mixing cycles proportionate to the viscosities of the resins employed. It. has now been demonstrated on a laboratory scale, utilizing a Beardslev-Piper Speed Densifier, that high intensity mixing can manufacture premix molding compounds more efficiently and economically while exhibiting an improved product in a more handleable form. Mixing is accomplished centrifugally at high peripheral spends, thus, eliminating the pronounced effect of resin viscosity on cycle time and resulting in a product with minimum fiber degradation and maximum mechanical strength. retention

CHARACTERIZATION OF VERNAL POOLS ACROSS NATIONAL PARKS IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION

Vernal pools are small, ephemeral wetlands that become inundated each spring and provide many ecosystem services to the surrounding upland forests. They also provide critical habitat for amphibians and invertebrates, as their temporary nature keeps them free of fish and reduces predator populations. As part of a mapping project, we collected baseline field data on vernal pool characteristics throughout five Great Lakes National Parks: Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Isle Royale National Park, and Voyagers National Parks. Our goals were to characterize and assess how vernal pools vary within and across the five national parks, and determine which characteristics are most correlated with the presence of vernal pool indicator species. We sampled 139 pools during spring of 2021 and 2022 where we collected data on pool characteristics related to hydrology, soils, vegetation, geomorphology, and indicator species. This baseline data shows that vernal pool characteristics do vary between the different parks. Many vernal pool qualities are driven by the type of substrate they occur on and overstory canopy species and amount of cover. The vegetation and canopy species present reflect the dominant vegetation of each park. We also created a classification system that describes which characteristics were most highly correlated to indicator species presence, resulting in a three-class system based on overstory species composition: Deciduous (\u3e50% deciduous canopy), Coniferous (\u3c50% deciduous canopy), and Open (\u3c30% canopy cover). Indicator species were more likely to occur in pools with either a deciduous or open canopy than pools with a coniferous canopy. This information can be used to inform land managers within the Great Lakes of vernal pool characteristics they can expect, and which pools are hotspots for indicator species

Flight tests of a clear-air turbulence alerting system

The detection of clear-air turbulence (CAT) ahead of an aircraft in real-time by an infrared (IR) radiometer is discussed. It is noted that the alter time and reliability depend on the band-pass of the IR filter used and on the altitude of the aircraft. Results of flights tests indicate that a bandpass of 20 to 40 microns appears optimal for altering the aircraft crew to CAT at times before encounter of 2 to 9 min. Alert time increases with altitude, as the atmospheric absorption determining the horizontal weighting is reduced

Characteristics of wake vortex generated by a Boeing 727 jet transport during two-segment and normal ILS approach flight paths

A series of flight tests was conducted to evaluate the vortex wake characteristics of a Boeing 727 (B727-200) aircraft during conventional and two-segment ILS approaches. Twelve flights of the B727, which was equipped with smoke generators for vortex marking, were flown and its vortex wake was intentionally encountered by a Lear Jet model 23 (LR-23) and a Piper Twin Comanche (PA-30). Location of the B727 vortex during landing approach was measured using a system of photo-theodolites. The tests showed that at a given separation distance there were no readily apparent differences in the upsets resulting from deliberate vortex encounters during the two types of approaches. Timed mappings of the position of the landing configuration vortices showed that they tended to descend approximately 91 m(300 ft) below the flight path of the B727. The flaps of the B727 have a dominant effect on the character of the trailed wake vortex. The clean wing produces a strong, concentrated vortex but as the flaps are lowered, the vortex system becomes more diffuse. Pilot opinion and roll acceleration data indicate that 4.5 n.mi. would be a minimum separation distance at which roll control of light aircraft (less than 5,670 kg (12,500 lb) could be maintained during parallel encounters of the B727's landing configuration wake. This minimum separation distance is generally in scale with results determined from previous tests of other aircraft using the small roll control criteria

Leisure in well-being

Cel – W pracy za cel przyjęto ocenę zasadności uwzględniania czasu wolnego w miernikach dobrobytu oraz określenie siły jego wpływu na subiektywne poczucie dobrobytu w grupie 113 krajów. Metoda badań – Przeprowadzona została krytyczna analiza literatury przedmiotu oraz wnioskowanie dedukcyjne. Spośród metod ilościowych zastosowano narzędzia statystyki opisowej i modele ekonometryczne, których celem było skonstruowanie dwóch autorskich mierników i porównanie ich z istniejącymi wskaźnikami dobrobytu. Autorskie mierniki zostały oparte na różnych założeniach, aby potwierdzić wyprowadzone wnioski teoretyczne. Wnioski – Na podstawie literatury przedmiotu stwierdzono, że odpowiednia ilość czasu wolnego jest warunkiem koniecznym zaistnienia istotnych elementów dobrobytu. Badania ilościowe wykazały, że zarówno popularne mierniki dobrobytu, które nie uwzględniają czasu wolnego, jak i te mniej znane, które go uwzględniają, są słabo skorelowane ze wskaźnikiem subiektywnego poczucia dobrobytu – World Happiness Index. Zagregowanie ilości czasu wolnego z PKB per capita PPP, najpopularniejszym miernikiem dobrobytu, zwiększyło jego korelację z tym samym subiektywnym wskaźnikiem, co jest zgodne z wnioskami teoretycznymi. Oryginalność/wartość – Skonstruowano autorskie mierniki dobrobytu w oparciu o mikroekonomiczne modele dotyczące użyteczności. Ponadto zbadano, w jakim stopniu one, oraz inne uznane już mierniki dobrobytu, odzwierciedlają rozkład subiektywnego poziomu dobrobytu na świecie.Purpose – The goal of this study is to assess leisure relevance for the well-being indexes and to examine the importance of leisure for subjective well-being. Research method – A critical analysis of literature and deductive reasoning were conducted. 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