Untersuchungen zur Systematik und Phylogenie der Bromeliaceae unter besonderer Berücksichtigung molekularer Merkmale

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Systematik und phylogenetischen Beziehungen der Familie der Bromeliaceae auf der Basis chloroplastidärer DNA-Sequenzdaten des trnT-trnL-Intergenischen Spacers (33 untersuchte Arten aus 28 Gattungen), des trnL-Introns (129 untersuchte Arten aus 48 Gattungen) und des trnL-trnF-Intergenischen Spacers (120 Arten aus 48 Gattungen). Untersucht wurden Vertreter aller Untergattungen der artenreichsten Gattungen Aechmea (Bromelioideae) und Tillandsia (Tillandsioideae). Mit den editierten Alignments der drei Sequenzdatensätze wurden Analysen zu den Verwandtschaftsverhältnissen durchgeführt. Alle drei untersuchten Marker lieferten phylogenetisch informative Signale. Die Pitcairnioideae erwiesen sich als polyphyletisch. Ayensua und Brocchinia sind nah verwandt und nehmen innerhalb der Familie eine basale Position ein. Hechtia und Navia stellen jeweils eigene Gruppen dar, aber ohne ausreichende Auflösung ihrer Beziehungen zu den übrigen Bromeliaceae. Fosterella und Puya sind gut gestützte Gruppen mit möglicher Schwestergruppenbeziehung zu den Bromelioideae. Die Gattungen Pitcairnia/Pepinia und Deuterocohnia/Dyckia bilden als Pitcairnioideae s.str. einen gut gestützten Ast. Die Tillandsioideae sind monophyletisch, nur die einzige untersuchte Akzession der Gattung Mezobromelia liegt außerhalb dieses statistisch gut gestützten Astes. Innerhalb der Tillandsioideae nehmen Catopsis, Glomeropitcairnia erectiflora und Alcantarea regina/Vriesea racinae basale Positionen ein. Die Gattungen Guzmania, Racinaea, Tillandsia und Vriesea sind keine natürlichen Gruppen. Für die Bromelioideae liegt die Sequenzdivergenz bei 0,1 bis max. 2%. Die beste Auflösung erreichte hier die kombinierte Analyse des trnL-Introns und des trnL-trnF Intergenischen Spacers bei Polarisierung der Daten mit den Tillandsioideae als Außengruppe. Bromelia, Deinacanthon, Greigia, Fascicularia-Ochagavia-Fernseea und eine wenig aufgelöste Kerngruppe der übrigen Bromelioideae bilden eine basale Polytomie. Mit höheren Wiederfindungswahrscheinlichkeiten gestützt sind Ananas, Greigia und von der Gruppe Fascicularia-Ochagavia-Fernseea die Gattung Fascicularia und die kontinentale Ochagavia litoralis. Die Gattungen Fascicularia-Ochagavia-Greigia (Bromelioideae) und Abromeitiella- Deuterocohnia (Pitcairnioideae) wurden mit Fragmentanalysen (AFLPs, RAPDs) untersucht. Analysen der RAPD- und AFLP-Daten mit UPGMA (Unweigthed pair group method using arithmetic averages) und NJ (Neighbor-Joining) stützen die Fassung der Gattung Fascicularia als eine Art (Fascicularia bicolor) mit zwei Unterarten (F. bicolor ssp. bicolor und F. bicolor ssp. canaliculata). F. bicolor ssp. canaliculata weist 28 Fragmente auf, die in keiner untersuchten Akzession von F. bicolor ssp. bicolor vorkommen. Die 5 untersuchten Akzessionen von F. bicolor ssp. bicolor sind durch 13 Fragmente charakterisiert, die in den 4 untersuchten Akzessionen von F. bicolor ssp. canaliculata fehlen. Die AFLP-Analysen der Gattungen Abromeitiella- Deuterocohnia stützen die Vereinigung der Gattungen Abromeitiella und Deuterocohnia in der älteren Deuterocohnia. Alle untersuchten Akzessionen der Artengruppe Abromeitiella-Deuterocohnia besitzen 11 gemeinsame charakteristische Banden, die Arten der Gattung Abromeitiella und Deuterocohnia für sich alleine genommen jedoch keine. Die größten genetischen Unterschiede bestehen zwischen der in Chile isoliert vorkommenden Deuterocohnia chrysantha und allen übrigen Arten der Gruppe. Der Informationsgehalt der analysierten chloroplastidären Sequenzen erwies sich für eine Auflösung der phylogenetischen Beziehungen von offenbar schnell evolvierenden Gattungsgruppen der Bromelioideae und Tillandsioideae als unzureichend. Fragmentanalysen, besonders AFLPs, zeigten auf der taxonomischen Ebene nah verwandter Gattungen eine gute Auflösung

Systematics of Bromelioideae (Bromeliaceae)—Evidence from Molecular and Anatomical Studies

A reconstruction of the phylogeny of Bromeliaceae based on sequence data from three noncoding chloroplast DNA markers (trnL intron, trnT–trnL, and trnT–trnF intergenic spacer [IGS]) is presented, including 26 genera and 33 species. Relationships of Bromelioideae and phylogeny within this subfamily were analyzed in more detail on the basis of two of these markers (trnL intron and trnL–trnF IGS) using a set of 37 genera/74 species of Bromeliaceae, including 28 genera/60 species of Bromelioideae. Sister group relationships of Bromelioideae were not resolved with sufficient reliability, but the most likely candidates are the genera Fosterella and Puya. The basal phylogeny of Bromelioideae also was not resolved. Greigia, Ochagavia/Fascicularia/Fernseea, Deinacanthon, Bromelia, and a ‘‘core group’’ of the remaining Bromelioideae formed a basal polytomy. Within Bromelioideae, the AFLP technique was applied to assess relationships among selected groups of genera. In the Ochagavia/Fascicularia group (5 species and subspecies/16 accessions), AFLP data fully confirmed the systematic relationships based on morphological and anatomical characters. Investigation of 30 Aechmea species (33 accessions), including all subgenera and one species each from the related genera Ursulaea, Portea, Chevaliera, and Streptocalyx produced no resolution for several of the species. Clades that received good bootstrap support generally did not correspond with the delimitation of subgenera of Aechmea. Additionally, leaf blade anatomy of these species was investigated. The results corresponded partly with those of the AFLP analysis. Generic rank for Ursulaea and Portea was not supported

SymGRASS: a database of sugarcane orthologous genes involved in arbuscular mycorrhiza and root nodule symbiosis : from Seventh International Meeting on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, (CIBB 2010), Palermo, Italy, 16 - 18 September 2010

Background: The rationale for gathering information from plants procuring nitrogen through symbiotic interactions controlled by a common genetic program for a sustainable biofuel production is the high energy demanding application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. We curated sequence information publicly available for the biofuel plant sugarcane, performed an analysis of the common SYM pathway known to control symbiosis in other plants, and provide results, sequences and literature links as an online database. Methods: Sugarcane sequences and informations were downloaded from the nucEST database, cleaned and trimmed with seqclean, assembled with TGICL plus translating mapping method, and annotated. The annotation is based on BLAST searches against a local formatted plant Uniprot90 generated with CD-HIT for functional assignment, rpsBLAST to CDD database for conserved domain analysis, and BLAST search to sorghum's for Gene Ontology (GO) assignment. Gene expression was normalized according the Unigene standard, presented as ESTs/100 kb. Protein sequences known in the SYM pathway were used as queries to search the SymGRASS sequence database. Additionally, antimicrobial peptides described in the PhytAMP database served as queries to retrieve and generate expression profiles of these defense genes in the libraries compared to the libraries obtained under symbiotic interactions. Results: We describe the SymGRASS, a database of sugarcane orthologous genes involved in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and root nodule (RN) symbiosis. The database aggregates knowledge about sequences, tissues, organ, developmental stages and experimental conditions, and provides annotation and level of gene expression for sugarcane transcripts and SYM orthologous genes in sugarcane through a web interface. Several candidate genes were found for all nodes in the pathway, and interestingly a set of symbiosis specific genes was found. Conclusions: The knowledge integrated in SymGRASS may guide studies on molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms by which sugarcane controls the establishment and efficiency of endophytic associations. We believe that the candidate sequences for the SYM pathway together with the pool of exclusively expressed tentative consensus (TC) sequences are crucial for the design of molecular studies to unravel the mechanisms controlling the establishment of symbioses in sugarcane, ultimately serving as a basis for the improvement of grass crops

SuperSAGE: the drought stress-responsive transcriptome of chickpea roots

Background Drought is the major constraint to increase yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Improving drought tolerance is therefore of outmost importance for breeding. However, the complexity of the trait allowed only marginal progress. A solution to the current stagnation is expected from innovative molecular tools such as transcriptome analyses providing insight into stress-related gene activity, which combined with molecular markers and expression (e)QTL mapping, may accelerate knowledge-based breeding. SuperSAGE, an improved version of the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) technique, generating genome-wide, high-quality transcription profiles from any eukaryote, has been employed in the present study. The method produces 26 bp long fragments (26 bp tags) from defined positions in cDNAs, providing sufficient sequence information to unambiguously characterize the mRNAs. Further, SuperSAGE tags may be immediately used to produce microarrays and probes for real-time-PCR, thereby overcoming the lack of genomic tools in non-model organisms. Results We applied SuperSAGE to the analysis of gene expression in chickpea roots in response to drought. To this end, we sequenced 80,238 26 bp tags representing 17,493 unique transcripts (UniTags) from drought-stressed and non-stressed control roots. A total of 7,532 (43%) UniTags were more than 2.7-fold differentially expressed, and 880 (5.0%) were regulated more than 8-fold upon stress. Their large size enabled the unambiguous annotation of 3,858 (22%) UniTags to genes or proteins in public data bases and thus to stress-response processes. We designed a microarray carrying 3,000 of these 26 bp tags. The chip data confirmed 79% of the tag-based results, whereas RT-PCR confirmed the SuperSAGE data in all cases. Conclusion This study represents the most comprehensive analysis of the drought-response transcriptome of chickpea available to date. It demonstrates that – inter alias – signal transduction, transcription regulation, osmolyte accumulation, and ROS scavenging undergo strong transcriptional remodelling in chickpea roots already 6 h after drought stress. Certain transcript isoforms characterizing these processes are potential targets for breeding for drought tolerance. We demonstrate that these can be easily accessed by micro-arrays and RT-PCR assays readily produced downstream of SuperSAGE. Our study proves that SuperSAGE owns potential for molecular breeding also in non-model crops

The salt-responsive transcriptome of chickpea roots and nodules via deepSuperSAGE

Background: The combination of high-throughput transcript profiling and next-generation sequencing technologies is a prerequisite for genome-wide comprehensive transcriptome analysis. Our recent innovation of deepSuperSAGE is based on an advanced SuperSAGE protocol and its combination with massively parallel pyrosequencing on Roche's 454 sequencing platform. As a demonstration of the power of this combination, we have chosen the salt stress transcriptomes of roots and nodules of the third most important legume crop chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). While our report is more technology-oriented, it nevertheless addresses a major world-wide problem for crops generally: high salinity. Together with low temperatures and water stress, high salinity is responsible for crop losses of millions of tons of various legume (and other) crops. Continuously deteriorating environmental conditions will combine with salinity stress to further compromise crop yields. As a good example for such stress-exposed crop plants, we started to characterize salt stress responses of chickpeas on the transcriptome level. Results: We used deepSuperSAGE to detect early global transcriptome changes in salt-stressed chickpea. The salt stress responses of 86,919 transcripts representing 17,918 unique 26 bp deepSuperSAGE tags (UniTags) from roots of the salt-tolerant variety INRAT-93 two hours after treatment with 25 mM NaCl were characterized. Additionally, the expression of 57,281 transcripts representing 13,115 UniTags was monitored in nodules of the same plants. From a total of 144,200 analyzed 26 bp tags in roots and nodules together, 21,401 unique transcripts were identified. Of these, only 363 and 106 specific transcripts, respectively, were commonly up-or down-regulated (> 3.0-fold) under salt stress in both organs, witnessing a differential organ-specific response to stress. Profiting from recent pioneer works on massive cDNA sequencing in chickpea, more than 9,400 UniTags were able to be linked to UniProt entries. Additionally, gene ontology (GO) categories over-representation analysis enabled to filter out enriched biological processes among the differentially expressed UniTags. Subsequently, the gathered information was further cross-checked with stress-related pathways. From several filtered pathways, here we focus exemplarily on transcripts associated with the generation and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as on transcripts involved in Na(+) homeostasis. Although both processes are already very well characterized in other plants, the information generated in the present work is of high value. Information on expression profiles and sequence similarity for several hundreds of transcripts of potential interest is now available. Conclusions: This report demonstrates, that the combination of the high-throughput transcriptome profiling technology SuperSAGE with one of the next-generation sequencing platforms allows deep insights into the first molecular reactions of a plant exposed to salinity. Cross validation with recent reports enriched the information about the salt stress dynamics of more than 9,000 chickpea ESTs, and enlarged their pool of alternative transcripts isoforms

Phylogeny, Adaptive Radiation, and Historical Biogeography in Bromeliaceae: Insights from an Eight-Locus Plastid Phylogeny

Premise: Bromeliaceae form a large, ecologically diverse family of angiosperms native to the New World. We use a bromeliad phylogeny based on eight plastid regions to analyze relationships within the family, test a new, eight-subfamily classification, infer the chronology of bromeliad evolution and invasion of different regions, and provide the basis for future analyses of trait evolution and rates of diversification. Methods: We employed maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian approaches to analyze 9341 aligned bases for four outgroups and 90 bromeliad species representing 46 of 58 described genera. We calibrate the resulting phylogeny against time using penalized likelihood applied to a monocot-wide tree based on plastid ndhF sequences and use it to analyze patterns of geographic spread using parsimony, Bayesian inference, and the program S-DIVA. Results: Bromeliad subfamilies are related to each other as follows: (Brocchinioideae, (Lindmanioideae, (Tillandsioideae, (Hechtioideae, (Navioideae, (Pitcairnioideae, (Puyoideae, Bromelioideae))))))). Bromeliads arose in the Guayana Shield ca. 100 million years ago (Ma), spread centrifugally in the New World beginning ca. 16-13 Ma, and dispersed to West Africa ca. 9.3 Ma. Modern lineages began to diverge from each other roughly 19 Ma. Conclusions: Nearly two-thirds of extant bromeliads belong to two large radiations: the core tillandsioids, originating in the Andes ca. 14.2 Ma, and the Brazilian Shield bromelioids, originating in the Serro do Mar and adjacent regions ca. 9.1 Ma

Integration of novel SSR and gene-based SNP marker loci in the chickpea genetic map and establishment of new anchor points with Medicago truncatula genome

This study presents the development and mapping of simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in chickpea. The mapping population is based on an inter-specific cross between domesticated and non-domesticated genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum ICC 4958 × C. reticulatum PI 489777). This same population has been the focus of previous studies, permitting integration of new and legacy genetic markers into a single genetic map. We report a set of 311 novel SSR markers (designated ICCM—ICRISAT chickpea microsatellite), obtained from an SSR-enriched genomic library of ICC 4958. Screening of these SSR markers on a diverse panel of 48 chickpea accessions provided 147 polymorphic markers with 2–21 alleles and polymorphic information content value 0.04–0.92. Fifty-two of these markers were polymorphic between parental genotypes of the inter-specific population. We also analyzed 233 previously published (H-series) SSR markers that provided another set of 52 polymorphic markers. An additional 71 gene-based SNP markers were developed from transcript sequences that are highly conserved between chickpea and its near relative Medicago truncatula. By using these three approaches, 175 new marker loci along with 407 previously reported marker loci were integrated to yield an improved genetic map of chickpea. The integrated map contains 521 loci organized into eight linkage groups that span 2,602 cM, with an average inter-marker distance of 4.99 cM. Gene-based markers provide anchor points for comparing the genomes of Medicago and chickpea, and reveal extended synteny between these two species. The combined set of genetic markers and their integration into an improved genetic map should facilitate chickpea genetics and breeding, as well as translational studies between chickpea and Medicago