Mother-Perceived Social Capital and Children’s Oral Health and Use of Dental Care in the United States

Objectives. We examined the association between mother-perceived neighborhood social capital and oral health status and dental care use in US children. Methods. We analyzed data for 67 388 children whose mothers participated in the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health. We measured mothers’ perceived social capital with a 4-item social capital index (SCI) that captures reciprocal help, support, and trust in the neighborhood. Dependent variables were mother-perceived ratings of their child’s oral health, unmet dental care needs, and lack of a previous-year preventive dental visit. We performed bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses for each outcome. Results. After we controlled for potential confounders, children of mothers with high (SCI = 5–7) and lower levels (SCI ‡ 8) of social capital were 15% (P = .05) and about 40% (P £ .02), respectively, more likely to forgo preventive dental visits than were children of mothers with the highest social capital (SCI = 4). Mothers with the lowest SCI were 79% more likely to report unmet dental care needs for their children than were mothers with highest SCI (P = .01). Conclusions. A better understanding of social capital’s effects on children’s oral health risks may help address oral health disparities

Research Activities in the Department of Occupational Therapy

Even though the purpose of the services provided by occupational therapy is to help and to support the daily life of clients, the actual services extend to a wide range of daily activities. Thus, research in occupational therapy covers a wide range of activities which can be modified and changed according to the needs of clients. Research activities conducted by clinical psychologists and English teachers who staff the Department of Occupational Therapy at Aino University are also summarized below. [1. Research in Occupational Therapy for Physically Handicapped.] We are involved in a study of the efficient motion analysis in the activity of daily life (ADL) in part with the staff of the Department of Clinical Engineering. We analyze the muscle tone under various locomotive operations by quantifying muscle tone with surface electro-myography (EMG). We have studied the brain network related to memory and learning in the training tasks that enable effective learning skills and their clinical application

小学生がうま味の相乗効果を学ぶための味覚授業の実施

The purpose of this study was to assess whether elementary school children were able to learn the synergistic effects of umami flavor through the implementation of a sense of taste class for them. The sense of taste class held for 182 elementary school children (aged, 10–11 years old in Kyoto city). The subjects assessed three types of broths: dried bonito (DB), kombu kelp (KK), and dried bonito-kombu kelp (DB-KK). The subject evaluated the broth for several factors: tastiness, umami flavor, aroma, fishy smell. In addition, children were asked to write their own comments about what they had learned or noticed. A total of 147 healthy subjects were analyzed.The results of the sensory evaluation showed that the children sensed umami flavor and tastiness more significantly in DB-KK broth than in KK broth. They also evaluated the DB broth and DB-KK broth to have a significantly better aroma than KK broth (both at p<0.05). The analysis of the comment showed that 11 children (7.5%) wrote about their understanding of the fundamental taste umami, and 31 children (21.1%) wrote about understanding the synergistic effect of umami flavor. These results suggest that the implementation of the sense of taste class is effective to learn the synergistic effects of umami flavor.論

Dysregulation of RNF213 promotes cerebral hypoperfusion

RNF213 is a susceptibility gene for moyamoya disease, yet its exact functions remain unclear. To evaluate the role of RNF213 in adaptation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) under cerebral hypoperfusion, we performed bilateral common carotid artery stenosis surgery using external microcoils on Rnf213 knockout (KO) and vascular endothelial cell-specific Rnf213 mutant (human p.R4810K orthologue) transgenic (EC-Tg) mice. Temporal CBF changes were measured by arterial spin-labelling magnetic resonance imaging. In the cortical area, no significant difference in CBF was found before surgery between the genotypes. Three of eight (37.5%) KO mice died after surgery but all wild-type and EC-Tg mice survived hypoperfusion. KO mice had a significantly more severe reduction in CBF on day 7 than wild-type mice (KO, 29.7% of baseline level; wild-type, 49.3%; p = 0.038), while CBF restoration on day 28 was significantly impaired in both KO (50.0%) and EC-Tg (56.1%) mice compared with wild-type mice (69.5%; p = 0.031 and 0.037, respectively). Changes in the subcortical area also showed the same tendency as the cortical area. Additionally, histological analysis demonstrated that angiogenesis was impaired in both EC-Tg and KO mice. These results are indicative of the essential role of RNF213 in the maintenance of CBF

Clozapine and Antipsychotic Monotherapy

Background: Although clozapine is effective for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), the rate of clozapine prescription is still low. Whereas antipsychotic monotherapy is recommended in clinical practice guidelines, the rate of antipsychotic polypharmacy is still high. There is little evidence on whether a clozapine prescription influences changes in the rate of monotherapy and polypharmacy, including antipsychotics and other psychotropics. We therefore hypothesized that the rate of antipsychotic monotherapy in patients with TRS who were prescribed clozapine would be higher than that in patients with schizophrenia who were not prescribed clozapine. Methods: We assessed 8306 patients with schizophrenia nationwide from 178 institutions in Japan from 2016 to 2019. We analyzed the psychotropic prescription data at discharge in patients diagnosed with TRS and with no description of TRS (ND-TRS) based on the diagnosis listed in the discharge summary. Results: The rate of antipsychotic monotherapy in the TRS with clozapine group (91.3%) was significantly higher than that in the TRS without clozapine group (45.9%; P < 2.0 × 10−16) and the ND-TRS without clozapine group (54.7%; P < 2.0 × 10−16). The rate of antipsychotic monotherapy without any other concomitant psychotropics in the TRS with clozapine group (26.5%) was significantly higher than that in the TRS without clozapine group (12.6%; P = 1.1 × 10−6) and the ND-TRS without clozapine group (17.0%; P = 5.9 × 10−6). Conclusions: Clozapine prescription could be associated with a high rate of antipsychotic monotherapy. Patients will benefit from the correct diagnosis of TRS and thus from proper clozapine prescription

Pengaruh Komunikasi Terapeutik Perawat Terhadap Kepuasan Pasien Di Rawat Jalan RSUD Jogja

The Objective of this study is to know influence of nurse therapeutic communication to satisfaction of patients satisfaction in RSUD Yogyakarta. The study was a quantitative research methods such as surveys of descriptive inferential research with cross sectional approach. Number of samples in this research is 285 sample in inpatient and 140 in emergency room. The instrument used a questionnaire. Analysis of data using multiple linear regression. This study show that there is the influence of therapeutic communication nurse to satisfaction of outpatients and Emergency room in RSUD Yogyakarta, and orientation phase is a phase that most influence on patient satisfaction. The most influential to therapeutic communication is termination stage

学生の衛生管理習得度に及ぼすオリジナルビデオ教材と大量調理実習の実施回数の効果の検討

本研究では，管理栄養士専攻学生の大量調理実習において，クラウド型授業支援システム（manaba course）を活用してビデオ教材の動画を配信した受講生（ビデオ教材-manaba配信群）とビデオ教材を導入していない受講生（ビデオ教材なし群）の衛生管理習得度を比較した。大量調理7回目のビデオ教材-manaba配信群（81人）とビデオ教材なし群（97人）の習得度を比較したところ，ビデオ教材-manaba配信群がビデオ教材なし群よりも「指導できる」・「一人で実践できる」と回答した者の割合が高かった項目は「水質検査」のみであった。一方，ビデオ教材が実習に役立つと回答した者は98%であった。さらに，衛生管理習得度に対する大量調理の実施回数の効果を検討した。大量調理を伴う実習が0，2，4，7回目（大量調理0回，2回，4回，7回）の際に習得度を調査した。大量調理7回目で「指導できる」・「一人で実践できる」と回答した学生が過半数を超えたのは3項目であり，衛生管理習得度が高い項目は実習での作業経験者の割合も高かった。これらの結果より，大量調理実習における衛生管理習得度の向上には，学生が実際に衛生管理に関する作業を経験することが重要であると考えられた。また，ビデオ教材の活用は，学生自らの経験には及ばないが，衛生管理に関する知識を補い，実習の予習や復習に役立つ可能性が高いと考えられた。研究ノー

The Constrained Maximal Expression Level Owing to Haploidy Shapes Gene Content on the Mammalian X Chromosome.

X chromosomes are unusual in many regards, not least of which is their nonrandom gene content. The causes of this bias are commonly discussed in the context of sexual antagonism and the avoidance of activity in the male germline. Here, we examine the notion that, at least in some taxa, functionally biased gene content may more profoundly be shaped by limits imposed on gene expression owing to haploid expression of the X chromosome. Notably, if the X, as in primates, is transcribed at rates comparable to the ancestral rate (per promoter) prior to the X chromosome formation, then the X is not a tolerable environment for genes with very high maximal net levels of expression, owing to transcriptional traffic jams. We test this hypothesis using The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) and data from the Functional Annotation of the Mammalian Genome (FANTOM5) project. As predicted, the maximal expression of human X-linked genes is much lower than that of genes on autosomes: on average, maximal expression is three times lower on the X chromosome than on autosomes. Similarly, autosome-to-X retroposition events are associated with lower maximal expression of retrogenes on the X than seen for X-to-autosome retrogenes on autosomes. Also as expected, X-linked genes have a lesser degree of increase in gene expression than autosomal ones (compared to the human/Chimpanzee common ancestor) if highly expressed, but not if lowly expressed. The traffic jam model also explains the known lower breadth of expression for genes on the X (and the Z of birds), as genes with broad expression are, on average, those with high maximal expression. As then further predicted, highly expressed tissue-specific genes are also rare on the X and broadly expressed genes on the X tend to be lowly expressed, both indicating that the trend is shaped by the maximal expression level not the breadth of expression per se. Importantly, a limit to the maximal expression level explains biased tissue of expression profiles of X-linked genes. Tissues whose tissue-specific genes are very highly expressed (e.g., secretory tissues, tissues abundant in structural proteins) are also tissues in which gene expression is relatively rare on the X chromosome. These trends cannot be fully accounted for in terms of alternative models of biased expression. In conclusion, the notion that it is hard for genes on the Therian X to be highly expressed, owing to transcriptional traffic jams, provides a simple yet robustly supported rationale of many peculiar features of X's gene content, gene expression, and evolution