Coastal oceanography and sedimentology in New Zealand, 1967-91.

This paper reviews research that has taken place on physical oceanography and sedimentology on New Zealand's estuaries and the inner shelf since c. 1967. It includes estuarine sedimentation, tidal inlets, beach morphodynamics, nearshore and inner shelf sedimentation, tides and coastal currents, numerical modelling, short-period waves, tsunamis, and storm surges. An extensive reference list covering both published and unpublished material is included. Formal teaching and research programmes dealing with coastal landforms and the processes that shape them were only introduced to New Zealand universities in 1964; the history of the New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research parallels and chronicles the development of physical coastal science in New Zealand, most of which has been accomplished in last 25 years

Erosion and Sediment Yield: Global and Regional Perspectives

Abstract Data on suspended sediment loads at rural New Zealand River gauging stations have been analysed to asses the average yields of suspended sediment, regional patterns in yields, and the factors controlling spatial variation in yields. Wide ranges of basin rainfall (<1 m to over 11 m year" 1 ), geology, topography, and land use are represented. Average annual yields range over four orders of magnitude, from less than 20 t km" 2 year" 1 in low rainfall regions of both North and South Island to almost 30 000 t km" 2 year" 1 in a high rainfall schist basin in the Southern Alps. The main factors contributing to spatial variation in annual average yields are rainfall and basin geology. The geological influence encompasses lithology, tectonic activity, and Quaternary history. Mean basin slope and the seasonality and inter-annual variability of rainfall explain some of the variance observed in yields among basins with the same rock type and rainfall

Hydraulic validation of two-dimensional simulations of braided river flow with spatially continuous aDcp data

Gravel‐bed braided rivers are characterized by shallow, branching flow across low relief, complex, and mobile bed topography. These conditions present a major challenge for the application of higher dimensional hydraulic models, the predictions of which are nevertheless vital to inform flood risk and ecosystem management. This paper demonstrates how high‐resolution topographic survey and hydraulic monitoring at a density commensurate with model discretization can be used to advance hydrodynamic simulations in braided rivers. Specifically, we detail applications of the shallow water model, Delft3d, to the Rees River, New Zealand, at two nested scales: a 300 m braid bar unit and a 2.5 km reach. In each case, terrestrial laser scanning was used to parameterize the topographic boundary condition at hitherto unprecedented resolution and accuracy. Dense observations of depth and velocity acquired from a mobile acoustic Doppler current profiler (aDcp), along with low‐altitude aerial photography, were then used to create a data‐rich framework for model calibration and testing at a range of discharges. Calibration focused on the estimation of spatially uniform roughness and horizontal eddy viscosity, νH, through comparison of predictions with distributed hydraulic data. Results revealed strong sensitivity to νH, which influenced cross‐channel velocity and localization of high shear zones. The high‐resolution bed topography partially accounts for form resistance, and the recovered roughness was found to scale by 1.2–1.4 D84 grain diameter. Model performance was good for a range of flows, with minimal bias and tight error distributions, suggesting that acceptable predictions can be achieved with spatially uniform roughness and νH.Field campaigns were primarily funded by NERC Grant NE/G005427/1 and NERC Geophysical Equipment Facility Loan 892 as well as NSERC and CFI (Canada) grants to Colin Rennie. Damia Vericat was supported by a Ramon y Cajal Fellowship (RYC‐2010‐06264) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation during the preparation of this manuscript. Numerical simulations were undertaken during a visit by Richard Williams to NIWA. This visit was funded by the British Hydrology Society and an Aberystwyth University Postgraduate Studentship. Murray Hicks and Richard Measures were funded by NIWA core funding under the Sustainable Water Allocation Programme

Trace metal fluxes to the ocean: The importance of high‐standing oceanic islands

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94592/1/grl16149.pd

Stephan's Quintet: The X-ray Anatomy of a Multiple Galaxy Collision

Chandra observations of the compact galaxy group known as Stephan's Quintet (SQ) are presented. The major morphological features that were discovered with the ROSAT HRI are now imaged with higher resolution and S/N. The large scale shock (1.5', ~40kpc if at 85 Mpc) is resolved into a narrow NS feature embedded in more extended diffuse emission (D>=3'). The NS structure is somewhat clumpy, more sharply bounded on the W side and prominent only in the soft band (energies below ~2 keV). Its observational properties are best explained as a shock produced by a high velocity encounter between NGC7318b, a ``new intruder'', and the intergalactic medium in SQ. The shock conditions near the high speed intruder suggest that a bow shock is propagating into a pre-existing HI cloud and heating the gas to a temperature of ~0.5 keV. The low temperature in the shock is a problem unless we postulate an oblique shock. One member, NGC7319, hosts a Seyfert 2 nucleus, with an intrinsic luminosity Lx=10^43 erg/s, embedded in a region of more diffuse emission with 10'' radius extent. The nuclear spectrum can be modeled with a strongly absorbed power-law typical of this class of sources. Several additional compact sources are detected including three in foreground NGC7320. Some of these sources are very luminous and could be related to the ultraluminous X-ray sources found in nearby galaxies.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics Quality of figures has been degraded to fit in the astroph requirements; fig12 could not be inserted in the tex and is given as a jpe

The SINS survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: properties of the giant star forming clumps

We have studied the properties of giant star forming clumps in five z~2 star-forming disks with deep SINFONI AO spectroscopy at the ESO VLT. The clumps reside in disk regions where the Toomre Q-parameter is below unity, consistent with their being bound and having formed from gravitational instability. Broad H{\alpha}/[NII] line wings demonstrate that the clumps are launching sites of powerful outflows. The inferred outflow rates are comparable to or exceed the star formation rates, in one case by a factor of eight. Typical clumps may lose a fraction of their original gas by feedback in a few hundred million years, allowing them to migrate into the center. The most active clumps may lose much of their mass and disrupt in the disk. The clumps leave a modest imprint on the gas kinematics. Velocity gradients across the clumps are 10-40 km/s/kpc, similar to the galactic rotation gradients. Given beam smearing and clump sizes, these gradients may be consistent with significant rotational support in typical clumps. Extreme clumps may not be rotationally supported; either they are not virialized, or they are predominantly pressure supported. The velocity dispersion is spatially rather constant and increases only weakly with star formation surface density. The large velocity dispersions may be driven by the release of gravitational energy, either at the outer disk/accreting streams interface, and/or by the clump migration within the disk. Spatial variations in the inferred gas phase oxygen abundance are broadly consistent with inside-out growing disks, and/or with inward migration of the clumps.Comment: accepted Astrophys. Journal, February 9, 201

Assessment of a numerical model to reproduce event-scale erosion and deposition distributions in a braided river

Becky Goodsell and Eric Scott are thanked for field assistance. Antony Smith assisted with figure production. The field campaign wa funded by NERC Grant NE/G005427/1 and NERC Geophysical Equipment Facility Loan 892. Richard Williams was funded by NERC Grant NE/G005427/1during fieldwork and by a British Hydrological Society Travel Grant whilst visiting NIW

Violent Deaths of Iraqi Civilians, 2003–2008: Analysis by Perpetrator, Weapon, Time, and Location

Madelyn Hsiao-Rei Hicks and colleagues provide a detailed analysis of Iraqi civilian violent deaths during 2003-2008 of the Iraq war and show that of 92,614 deaths, unknown perpetrators caused 74% of deaths, Coalition forces 12%, and Anti-Coalition forces 11%

Pursuing Safety in Social Connection Regulates the Risk-Regulation, Social-Safety and Behavioral-Immune Systems

A new goal-systems model is proposed to help explain when individuals will protect themselves against the risks inherent to social connection. This model assumes that people satisfy the goal to feel included in safe social connections—connections where they are valued and protected rather than at risk of being harmed—by devaluing rejecting friends, trusting in expectancy–consistent relationships, and avoiding infectious strangers. In the hypothesized goal system, frustrating the fundamental goal to feel safe in social connection sensitizes regulatory systems that afford safety from the risk of being interpersonally rejected (i.e., the risk-regulation system), existentially uncertain (i.e., the social-safety system), or physically infected (i.e., the behavioral-immune system). Conversely, fulfilling the fundamental goal to feel safe in social connection desensitizes these self-protective systems. A 3-week experimental daily diary study (N = 555) tested the model hypotheses. We intervened to fulfill the goal to feel safe in social connection by repeatedly conditioning experimental participants to associate their romantic partners with highly positive, approachable words and images. We then tracked how vigilantly experimental versus control participants protected themselves when they encountered social rejection, unexpected behavior, or contagious illness in everyday life. Multilevel analyses revealed that the intervention lessoned self-protective defenses against each of these risks for participants who ordinarily felt most vulnerable to them. The findings provide the first evidence that the fundamental goal to feel safe in social connection can co-opt the risk-regulation, social-safety, and behavioral-immune systems as independent means for its pursuit

A Moth to a Flame? Fulfilling Connectedness Needs Through Romantic Relationships Protects Conspiracy Theorists Against COVID-19 Misinformation

Conspiracy theorists’ unpopular opinions likely make them more apprehensive about interactions with others, frustrating their need to belong. Therefore, they may be susceptible to believing misinformation because evidence that others share their beliefs provides “social proof” that they can expect interactions with others to be positive and rewarding. The present research examined whether alternatively fulfilling the need for social connection through romantic relationships could protect conspiracy theorists against COVID-19 misinformation. In a 3-week daily diary study (N = 555), experimental participants implicitly learned to associate their romantic partners with positive experiences (by repeatedly pairing their partner with highly positive and approachable stimuli, McNulty et al., 2017). We then assessed how much participants trusted individuals they might normally distrust, as a manipulation check, and how much participants tuned their daily personal beliefs and behavior to match the U.S. public's daily susceptibility to COVID-19 misinformation. Participants high on conspiratorial thinking trusted fellow community members more in the experimental than control condition. Participants high on conspiratorial thinking in the experimental condition were also less likely to treat the U.S. public's greater daily susceptibility to COVID-19 misinformation as proof that they could discount the virus. The present findings suggest that rewarding romantic connections might be leveraged to limit conspiracy theorists’ susceptibility to believing public skepticism about COVID-19