Prevalencia y caracterizaci?n molecular de Salmonella spp, en granjas av?colas de postura comercial en el departamento del Tolima

99 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoLa Salmonelosis es una de las enfermedades trasmitida por alimentos que afecta con mayor frecuencia a humanos y causa grandes p?rdidas econ?micas en la industria av?cola. Con el objeto de estimar la prevalencia y caracterizar los aislamientos de Salmonella spp., se llev? a cabo un estudio epidemiol?gico de corte transversal en granjas de gallinas ponedoras comerciales localizadas en el departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Para este estudio se muestrearon 15 granjas, en las cuales se tomaron 589 muestras para cultivo microbiol?gico de Salmonella spp, caracterizaci?n bioqu?mica, serotipificaci?n y electroforesis en campo pulsado (PFGE). Se analizaron diferentes variables a nivel de granja para determinar los potenciales factores de riesgo. La prevalencia de Salmonella spp., fue de 33.33% (95%, CI=14 - 53%) en granja, y se aislaron 14 cepas de las 589 muestras analizadas, provenientes de cascara de huevo, alimento y zapatones. El an?lisis de serotipificaci?n permiti? identificar los serotipos S. Enteritidis (n=6) y S. Shannon (n=8). Las variables, producci?n propia de alimento balanceado (OR=24), el almacenamiento del huevo en el galp?n (OR=11.25), la presentaci?n del alimento (OR=7.64) y la estructura del galp?n en guadua (OR=5.24), se asociaron significativamente (p<0.05) con la presencia de Salmonella spp., y constituyen potenciales factores de riesgo para la contaminaci?n de este microorganismo en granja. La t?cnica de electroforesis en campo pulsado mostr? tres diferentes patrones de macro restricci?n con XbaI, correspondientes a dos serovares S. Shannon y S. Enteritidis. Estos resultados indican que la Salmonella spp, puede ser aislada de varias fuentes en granjas de ponedoras comerciales, en la cual la superficie del huevo necesita una atenci?n especial para evitar la contaminaci?n en humanos.ABSTRACT. Salmonellosis is the most frequent foodborne disease causing human disease and severe economic losses in the poultry industry. A cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella spp, in laying hens farms located at the Tolima region, Colombia. Fifteen egg-laying hen farms were sampled and a total of 589 samples were cultured for Salmonella spp., isolation. The prevalence of Salmonella spp., was 33.33% (95%, CI=14 - 53%) at the farm level. A total of fourteen isolates were recovered from the egg? shells (57.15%, n=8), followed by feed samples (28.57%, n=4) and environmental (14.29%, n=2) samples. Farm?s practices were significantly (p<0.05) associated with Salmonella spp., and variables such as the own feed mill (OR=24), egg stored on hen houses (OR=11.25), feed form (OR=7.64), and facility?s structure in bamboo (OR=5.24) were identified as potential risk factors for Salmonella contamination. S. Enteritidis (n=6) and S. Shannon (n=8) showed three different XbaI macrorestriction patterns by PFGE. The results indicate that Salmonella spp, could be recovered from various sources in laying-hen farms and egg shell contamination needs special attention to impede it transmission to humans.INTRODUCCION 6 1. REVISION DEL TEMA 14 1.1 SALMONELLA 14 1.2 CARACTER?STICAS DEL G?NERO SALMONELLA 15 1.2.1 Caracter?sticas fenot?picas y bioqu?micas 15 1.2.2 Taxonom?a 16 1.3 DETECCI?N E IDENTIFICACI?N DE SALMONELLA SPP 18 1.3.1 Tipos de muestra para la detecci?n de Salmonella spp., en avicultura 18 1.3.2 Aislamiento bacteriol?gico e identificaci?n 21 1.4 SALMONELLA EN HUMANOS: RELACI?N CON AVES Y PRODUCTOS AV?COLAS 26 1.5 SALMONELLA EN AVES COMERCIALES 30 1.5.1 Patogenia 34 1.5.2 Salmonella en aves del Mundo 37 1.5.3 Salmonella en granjas av?colas en Colombia 40 1.6 FACTORES DE RIESGO PARA SALMONELLA 41 1.7 FACTORES DE RIESGO EN GRANJAS DE POLLOS DE ENGORDE 41 1.8 FACTORES DE RIESGO EN GRANJAS DE GALLINAS PONEDORAS 43 2. ESTUDIO DE CASO: CARACTERIZACI?N DE SALMONELLA EN GRANJAS DE GALLINAS DE POSTURA COMERCIAL EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DEL TOLIMA 46 2.1. ANTECEDENTES 50 2.2 MATERIALES Y M?TODOS 51 2.2.1 Poblaci?n de estudio 51 2.2.2 Estudio y an?lisis estad?stico 52 2.2.3 Toma de muestras 52 2.3 AISLAMIENTO E IDENTIFICACI?N DE SALMONELLA 53 2.3.1 Serotipificaci?n de Salmonella 54 2.4 AN?LISIS DE LAS VARIABLES EPIDEMIOL?GICAS 55 2.5 PRUEBA PILOTO 57 2.5.1 An?lisis de datos 58 2.5.2 Caracterizaci?n molecular 58 2.6 RESULTADOS 59 2.6.1 Salmonella spp., en granjas de postura comercial 59 3. FACTORES DE RIESGO DE SALMONELLA SPP., EN GRANJAS AV?COLAS DE POSTURA COMERCIAL EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DEL TOLIMA.60 3.1 AN?LISIS DE ELECTROFORESIS EN CAMPO PULSADO 61 3.2 DISCUSI?N 64 3.2 DISCUSI?N 64 3.3 CONCLUSIONES 69 4. CONCLUSI?NES GENERALES 71 RECOMENDACIONES 72 REFERENCIAS 73 ANEXOS 9

Factores sociales y familiares que inciden en el uso del tiempo libre de los estudiantes de b?sica primaria de la instituci?n educativa Jorge Eliecer Gait?n

103 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEl presente trabajo de investigaci?n tiene como prop?sito dar respuesta a la pregunta ?Son los factores familiares y sociales determinantes en el uso del tiempo libre de los ni?os de la b?sica primaria de la Instituci?n Educativa Jorge Eliecer Gait?n de la ciudad de Ibagu?? El estudio se describe como una investigaci?n de tipo cualitativo y de car?cter descriptivo, el instrumento empleado para obtener la informaci?n es el cuestionario, el cual fue aplicado a padres y/o acudientes, docentes y estudiantes de los cinco grados de b?sica primaria de la Instituci?n, los resultados permiten establecer que dentro de los factores sociales y familiares que condicionan el uso del tiempo libre se encuentra el nivel social de los padres, el nivel acad?mico b?sico de los mismos, factores tales como familias desintegradas y/o disfuncionales, el desconocimiento frente a la relaci?n entre tiempo libre y rendimiento acad?mico, la poca orientaci?n que reciben los ni?os frente a c?mo usar provechosamente su tiempo libre; en consecuencia se presentan recomendaciones a la gesti?n directiva y acad?mica para la posible construcci?n de proyectos que favorezcan el aspecto acad?mico y disciplinario de los estudiantes de la instituci?n. Palabras claves: Tiempo libre, ocio, factores sociales y familiares.The purpose of this research is to answer the following question: Are the family and social factors determining the use of children's free time in the primary school of the Educational Institution Jorge Eliecer Gait?n in the city of Ibagu?? The study is described as qualitative and descriptive research. The instrument used to obtain the information is a questionnaire, which was applied to parents and / or caregivers, teachers and students of the five primary grades of the Institution, the results allow to establish that within the social and family factors that condition the Use of free time is the social level of the parents, the basic academic level of the same, factors such as disintegrated and / or dysfunctional families, ignorance of the relationship between free time and academic performance, Children to how to use their free time. Consequently, recommendations are presented to the management and academic management for the possible construction of projects that favor the academic and disciplinary aspects of the students of the institution. Keywords: Free time, leisure, social and family factors

Sistematizaci?n de experiencias y su aporte a la pr?ctica pedag?gica

56 p. Recurso Electr?nicoNuestro prop?sito en el presente trabajo es recalcar la importancia de la sistematizaci?n de experiencia en el ?mbito pedag?gico, para lo cual nos enfocaremos en analizar diferentes teor?as referentes al tema, esto con el fin de explicar cuan profundo y complejo es este proceso y c?mo su realizaci?n nos genera grandes aportes en un campo como la ense?anza. Para nuestro trabajo utilizaremos los aportes realizados por autores como: Marco Ra?l Mej?a, Oscar Jara Holliday, Ana Bickel, Antoni Verger Planells, Herman Van de Velde, Claudia Patricia Roa Mendoza, Alexander Arbey S?nchez Upegui, Mar?a Mercedes Barnechea Garc?a, Luz Dary Ruiz Botero. Analizaremos la convergencia que tienen estos autores respecto a 3 categor?as (Concepto, Estrategias de sistematizaci?n y Herramientas de sistematizaci?n) pudiendo as? establecer un conceso entre dichos te?ricos lo que nos permitir? plantear una nueva mirada a ?ste tipo de procesos.Our purpose in the present work is to emphasize the importance of the systematization of experience in the pedagogical field, for which we will focus on analyzing different theories referring to the theme, in order to explain how deep and complex this process is and how its realization generates great contributions in a field such as teaching. For our work we will use the contributions made by authors such as Marco Ra?l Mej?a, Oscar Jara Holliday, Ana Bickel, Antoni Verger Planells, Herman Van de Velde, Claudia Patricia Roa Mendoza, Alexander Arbey S?nchez Upegui, Mar?a Mercedes Barnechea Garc?a, Luz Dary Ruiz Botero . We will analyze the convergence that these authors have with respect to 3 categories (Concept, Strategies of systematization and Tools of systematization), thus establishing a concession between these theorists which will allow us to propose a new look at this type of processes. Keywords: Systematization of experiences, pedagogy, process analysis, teaching, systematization, strategies, systematization tools

Value of Serum NEUROG1 Methylation for the Detection of Advanced Adenomas and Colorectal Cancer

Aberrant DNA methylation detected in liquid biopsies is a promising approach for colorectal cancer (CRC) detection, including premalignant advanced adenomas (AA). We evaluated the diagnostic capability of serum NEUROG1 methylation for the detection of AA and CRC. A CpG island in NEUROG1 promoter was assessed by bisulfite pyrosequencing in a case-control cohort to select optimal CpGs. Selected sites were evaluated through a nested methylation-specific qPCR custom assay in a screening cohort of 504 asymptomatic family-risk individuals. Individuals with no colorectal findings and benign pathologies showed low serum NEUROG1 methylation, similar to non-advanced adenomas. Contrarily, individuals bearing AA or CRC (advanced neoplasia-AN), exhibited increased NEUROG1 methylation. Using >1.3518% as NEUROG1 cut-off (90.60% specificity), 33.33% of AN and 32.08% of AA were identified, detecting 50% CRC cases. Nonetheless, the combination of NEUROG1 with fecal immunochemical test (FIT), together with age and gender through a multivariate logistic regression resulted in an AUC = 0.810 for AN, and 0.796 for AA, detecting all cancer cases and 35-47% AA (specificity 98-95%). The combination of NEUROG1 methylation with FIT, age and gender demonstrated a convenient performance for the detection of CRC and AA, providing a valuable tool for CRC screening programs in asymptomatic individuals

Longitudinal analysis on parasite diversity in honeybee colonies: new taxa, high frequency of mixed infections and seasonal patterns of variation

To evaluate the influence that parasites have on the losses of Apis mellifera it is essential to monitor their presence in the colonies over time. Here we analysed the occurrence of nosematids, trypanosomatids and neogregarines in five homogeneous colonies for up to 21 months until they collapsed. The study, which combined the use of several molecular markers with the application of a massive parallel sequencing technology, provided valuable insights into the epidemiology of these parasites: (I) it enabled the detection of parasite species rarely reported in honeybees (Nosema thomsoni, Crithidia bombi, Crithidia acanthocephali) and the identification of two novel taxa; (II) it revealed the existence of a high rate of co-infections (80% of the samples harboured more than one parasite species); (III) it uncovered an identical pattern of seasonal variation for nosematids and trypanosomatids, that was different from that of neogregarines; (IV) it showed that there were no significant differences in the fraction of positive samples, nor in the levels of species diversity, between interior and exterior bees; and (V) it unveiled that the variation in the number of parasite species was not directly linked with the failure of the colonies

TP53, ATRX alterations, and low tumor mutation load feature IDH-wildtype giant cell glioblastoma despite exceptional ultra-mutated tumors

Background: Giant cell glioblastoma (gcGBM) is a rare morphological variant of IDH-wildtype (IDHwt) GBM that occurs in young adults and have a slightly better prognosis than "classic" IDHwt GBM. Methods: We studied 36 GBMs, 14 with a histopathological diagnosis of gcGBM and 22 with a giant cell component. We analyzed the genetic profile of the most frequently mutated genes in gliomas and assessed the tumor mutation load (TML) by gene-targeted next-generation sequencing. We validated our findings using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. Results: p53 was altered by gene mutation or protein overexpression in all cases, while driver IDH1, IDH2, BRAF, or H3F3A mutations were infrequent or absent. Compared to IDHwt GBMs, gcGBMs had a significant higher frequency of TP53, ATRX, RB1, and NF1 mutations, while lower frequency of EGFR amplification, CDKN2A deletion, and TERT promoter mutation. Almost all tumors had low TML values. The high TML observed in only 2 tumors was consistent with POLE and MSH2 mutations. In the histopathological review of TCGA IDHwt, TP53-mutant tumors identified giant cells in 37% of the cases. Considering our series and that of the TCGA, patients with TP53-mutant gcGBMs had better overall survival than those with TP53wt GBMs (log-rank test, P < .002). Conclusions: gcGBMs have molecular features that contrast to "classic" IDHwt GBMs: unusually frequent ATRX mutations and few EGFR amplifications and CDKN2A deletions, especially in tumors with a high number of giant cells. TML is frequently low, although exceptional high TML suggests a potential for immune checkpoint therapy in some cases, which may be relevant for personalized medicine

Systemic Effects Induced by Hyperoxia in a Preclinical Model of Intra-abdominal Sepsis

Supplemental oxygen is a supportive treatment in patients with sepsis to balance tissue oxygen delivery and demand in the tissues. However, hyperoxia may induce some pathological effects. We sought to assess organ damage associated with hyperoxia and its correlation with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a preclinical model of intra-abdominal sepsis. For this purpose, sepsis was induced in male, Sprague-Dawley rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We randomly assigned experimental animals to three groups: control (healthy animals), septic (CLP), and sham-septic (surgical intervention without CLP). At 18 h after CLP, septic (n = 39), sham-septic (n = 16), and healthy (n = 24) animals were placed within a sealed Plexiglas cage and randomly distributed into four groups for continuous treatment with 21%, 40%, 60%, or 100% oxygen for 24 h. At the end of the experimental period, we evaluated serum levels of cytokines, organ damage biomarkers, histological examination of brain and lung tissue, and ROS production in each surviving animal. We found that high oxygen concentrations increased IL-6 and biomarkers of organ damage levels in septic animals, although no relevant histopathological lung or brain damage was observed. Healthy rats had an increase in IL-6 and aspartate aminotransferase at high oxygen concentration. IL-6 levels, but not ROS levels, are correlated with markers of organ damage. In our study, the use of high oxygen concentrations in a clinically relevant model of intra-abdominal sepsis was associated with enhanced inflammation and organ damage. These findings were unrelated to ROS release into circulation. Hyperoxia could exacerbate sepsis-induced inflammation, and it could be by itself detrimental. Our study highlights the need of developing safer thresholds for oxygen therapy

Increased Th17-Related Cytokine Serum Levels in Patients With Multiple Polyps of Unexplained Origin

OBJECTIVES: Most patients with multiple colonic polyps do not have a known genetic or hereditary origin. Our aim was to analyze the presence of inflammatory cytokines and levels of glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with multiple colonic polyps. METHODS: Eighty-three patients with 10 or more adenomatous or serrated polyps and 53 control people with normal colonoscopy were included. Smoking habits were registered, and glucose, CRP, and basal insulin in the serum/blood were measured. Quantification of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-11, IL-17A, and IL-23 cytokine levels in the serum was performed by a high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Smoking and diabetes were more prevalent in those with colonic polyps than in the control people (67% vs 16%, P = 0.001; 11% vs 2%, P = 0.048). In addition, the cytokine serum levels were higher, i.e., IL-2 (P = 0.001), IL-4 (P = 0.001), IL-6 (P = 0.001), IL-17A (P = 0.001), IL-23 (P = 0.014), and CRP (P = 0.003). Adjusting for sex, smoking, and diabetes in a multivariate analysis, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-23 remained independently elevated in cases with multiple polyps. DISCUSSION: These results indicate that immune responses mediated by Th17 cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple colonic polyps

Tissue and serum markers of inflammation during the follow-up of patients with giant-cell arteritis—a prospective longitudinal study

Objective. To evaluate the association between inflammatory markers and relapse in GCA patients longitudinally assessed in a clinical trial of infliximab and glucocorticosteroids

Baseline characteristics of an incident haemodialysis population in Spain: results from ANSWER—a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background. The ANSWER study aims to identify risk factors leading to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a Spanish incident haemodialysis population. This paper summarizes the baseline characteristics of this population