Zwischen linguistischen Welten: Onymische Phraseme als Phraseologismen und Eigennamen

This paper provides an overview of the discussion on so called onymic phrasemes. In onomastics they are usually described as fixed combinations of words functioning as proper names (proper noun phrases). The focus hereby is on those names that are not only polylexical and semantically transparent (cf. the White House, the “new Länder“) but also have an apparent literal meaning (cf. appellative/ descriptive meaning) and a non-literal meaning (‘specific/ assigned meaning’). Phraseology integrates those names as a special class of phrasemes or more precisely as nominative phrasemes with the feature [+ onymic]. Like all phrasemes, they are polylexical and rigid and develop a “new meaning” which should be modeled along theoretical conceptions. Upon closer inspection one can also find correlations along the lines of questions of meaning, phraseologization, proprialization, as well as idiomatization and dissociation. Problems in lexicography and orthography result from the status of onymic phrasemes of the type the Far East. Whether or not onomastics and phraseology should work together more closely on this topic or distance themselves from one another can only be determined once the discipline of onomastics is more engaged with phraseolexemes of the type [+ onymic/ monoreferential]. The aim of this paper is to call attention to similarities and differences between these two fields

Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Detachment Reveals Both Inflammatory Response and Photoreceptor Death

Background Retinal detachment often leads to a severe and permanent loss of vision and its therapeutic management remains to this day exclusively surgical. We have used surgical specimens to perform a differential analysis of the transcriptome of human retinal tissues following detachment in order to identify new potential pharmacological targets that could be used in combination with surgery to further improve final outcome. Methodology/Principal Findings Statistical analysis reveals major involvement of the immune response in the disease. Interestingly, using a novel approach relying on coordinated expression, the interindividual variation was monitored to unravel a second crucial aspect of the pathological process: the death of photoreceptor cells. Within the genes identified, the expression of the major histocompatibility complex I gene HLA-C enables diagnosis of the disease, while PKD2L1 and SLCO4A1 -which are both down-regulated- act synergistically to provide an estimate of the duration of the retinal detachment process. Our analysis thus reveals the two complementary cellular and molecular aspects linked to retinal detachment: an immune response and the degeneration of photoreceptor cells. We also reveal that the human specimens have a higher clinical value as compared to artificial models that point to IL6 and oxidative stress, not implicated in the surgical specimens studied here. Conclusions/Significance This systematic analysis confirmed the occurrence of both neurodegeneration and inflammation during retinal detachment, and further identifies precisely the modification of expression of the different genes implicated in these two phenomena. Our data henceforth give a new insight into the disease process and provide a rationale for therapeutic strategies aimed at limiting inflammation and photoreceptor damage associated with retinal detachment and, in turn, improving visual prognosis after retinal surgery

Zwischen linguistischen Welten: Onymische Phraseme als Phraseologismen und Eigennamen

This paper provides an overview of the discussion on so called onymic phrasemes. In onomastics they are usually described as fixed combinations of words functioning as proper names (proper noun phrases). The focus hereby is on those names that are not only polylexical and semantically transparent (cf. the White House, the “new Länder“) but also have an apparent literal meaning (cf. appellative/ descriptive meaning) and a non-literal meaning (‘specific/ assigned meaning’). Phraseology integrates those names as a special class of phrasemes or more precisely as nominative phrasemes with the feature [+ onymic]. Like all phrasemes, they are polylexical and rigid and develop a “new meaning” which should be modeled along theoretical conceptions. Upon closer inspection one can also find correlations along the lines of questions of meaning, phraseologization, proprialization, as well as idiomatization and dissociation. Problems in lexicography and orthography result from the status of onymic phrasemes of the type the Far East. Whether or not onomastics and phraseology should work together more closely on this topic or distance themselves from one another can only be determined once the discipline of onomastics is more engaged with phraseolexemes of the type [+ onymic/ monoreferential]. The aim of this paper is to call attention to similarities and differences between these two fields

Zwischen linguistischen Welten: Onymische Phraseme als Phraseologismen und Eigennamen

This paper provides an overview of the discussion on so called onymic phrasemes. In onomastics they are usually described as fixed combinations of words functioning as proper names (proper noun phrases). The focus hereby is on those names that are not only polylexical and semantically transparent (cf. the White House, the “new Länder“) but also have an apparent literal meaning (cf. appellative/ descriptive meaning) and a non-literal meaning (‘specific/ assigned meaning’). Phraseology integrates those names as a special class of phrasemes or more precisely as nominative phrasemes with the feature [+ onymic]. Like all phrasemes, they are polylexical and rigid and develop a “new meaning” which should be modeled along theoretical conceptions. Upon closer inspection one can also find correlations along the lines of questions of meaning, phraseologization, proprialization, as well as idiomatization and dissociation. Problems in lexicography and orthography result from the status of onymic phrasemes of the type the Far East. Whether or not onomastics and phraseology should work together more closely on this topic or distance themselves from one another can only be determined once the discipline of onomastics is more engaged with phraseolexemes of the type [+ onymic/ monoreferential]. The aim of this paper is to call attention to similarities and differences between these two fields

Schwankungen des Impact Factors: Untersuchung der Ursachen und Hintergründe

Die Messung wissenschaftlicher Leistungen gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Immer häufiger werden Personalentscheidungen und die Vergabe von Drittmitteln danach beurteilt, welche wissenschaftlichen Leistungen erbracht wurden. Als wichtigste Messgröße seiner Art gilt der von Thomson Reuters in den Journal Citation Reports (JCR) veröffentlichte Impact Factor (IF). Er gibt an, wie oft ein durchschnittlicher Journal-Artikel zitiert wird und ist somit ein Indikator für den Stellenwert von Zeitschriften. Der IF muss jedoch als eine mit vielen Problemen behaftete Messgröße angesehen werden. Wird der IF von Zeitschriften im Zeitverlauf betrachtet, so ist erkennbar, dass er oftmals instabil und großen Schwankungen ausgesetzt ist. Die Identifizierung massiver Schwankungen und die Suche nach den Ursachen ebendieser ist Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Im Zuge der durchgeführten Analyse wurde jeweils eine Kategorie der Social Science Edition (Business) und der Science Edition (Microbiology) näher untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die JCR im Zeitraum von 2001 bis 2010 betrachtet. Die Untersuchung zeigte, dass zwischen den beiden untersuchten Kategorien erhebliche Unterschiede bestehen: Während in der Kategorie Business in einem Drittel der Fälle Selbstzitate eine entscheidende Rolle bei Schwankungen des IF spielten, wiesen die untersuchten Journale der Kategorie Microbiology keine gravierenden Änderungen in der Struktur der Selbstzitate auf. In vielen Fällen trug das Vorhandensein mehrerer zitierstarker Artikel zum Anstieg des IF bei, wohingegen das Ende des Zitationsfensters zitierstarker Artikel oftmals eine Abnahme des IF verursachte. In einigen Fällen konnte die Zunahme auch auf sogenannte "Hot Papers" - also Artikel, die innerhalb relativ kurzer Zeit vergleichsweise häufig zitiert wurden - zurückgeführt werden. Die durchgeführte Untersuchung zeigte auch einige Schwächen der Zitationsdatenbanken von Thomson Reuters auf, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit behandelt werden.Measurement of scientific performance is becoming increasingly important. Personnel decisions and the allocation of funding are based more and more often on the provision of scientific achievements. The Impact Factor (IF) which is published by Thomson Reuters in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) is the most important indicator of its kind. It measures the number of citations an average article receives and thus reflects the importance of a journal. However, the IF must be considered as an indicator afflicted with many issues. When examining the IF over time it is evident that it is often unstable and exposed to large variations. In this thesis large variations and the reasons for them shall be examined. Two categories - Business (Social Science Edition) and Microbiology (Science Edition) - were analyzed in the period from 2001 to 2010. The investigation showed that between these two categories significant differences exist: while in one third of the cases of the category Business self citations played a crucial role in variations of the IF, journal self cites had no influence on the IF for the investigated journals of the category Microbiology. In many cases the existence of "strong" publications (frequently cited publications) could be identified as a reason for an increase in the IF whereas the end of the citation time span of "strong" publications caused a decrease in the IF. In some cases an increase could be explained by the existence of "Hot Papers" (articles that are cited very often in a relatively short period of time). The investigation also revealed some weaknesses of the citation databases of Thomson Reuters which are discussed in this thesis.von Petra HeidenkummerAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersZsfassung in dt. und engl. SpracheGraz, Univ., Masterarb., 2012(VLID)22500

ILM Flap Repositioning for Persistent Macular Hole

We present a case of a persistent macular hole which was initially treated by pars plana vitrectomy with the inverted ILM flap technique. In a second procedure, the internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap was mobilized from its perifoveal adherence to the retina and peeled back to its adherence at the foveal ring. The eye was filled with 25% C2F6 gas. Three weeks after the second procedure, closure of the hole was observed. Best corrected visual acuity increased from 20/400 to 20/50. We assume that contractile elements within the ILM may cause perifoveal adhesion and centrifugal effects preventing macular hole closure. If macular hole closure does not occur after surgery with an inverted ILM flap, it is worth to peel back the existing flap again towards the foveal edge in order to induce hole closure and preserve the benefits of flap surgery. If the flap is only attached to the foveal ring, centripetal contraction could lead to annular closure of the macular hole. If the flap is lost, alternative surgical methods for refractory MHs should be considered