Empirical Model for Estimating Global Solar and Diffuse Solar Radiations on Horizontal Surfaces

Solar energy is very attractive because it is non-polluting, nonreplicable, reliable, and pollution free. Four-years intervals measured average daily global solar radiation data on horizontal surfaces at Baghdad and Mosul cities in Iraq were used for the model assessment. Statistical results showed that all four suggested models can accurately predict the solar irradiance on a horizontal oriented surface, indicating the good predictive ability for modeling a horizontal surface. The obtained models have a high value of regression coefficient and give best fit through the measured values. This paper illustrates also the use of mathematical formula to develop a predictive model for the duration of sunshine using measured solar radiation data for above cities. The present work showed that the predicted results were in good agreement with the tabulated data, and the expected solar radiation behavior. Keywords: Global solar radiation, Beam radiation, Diffuse radiation, and relative sunshine duration, clearness ratio dat

Pyloric atresia epidermolysis bullosa aplasia cutis syndrome: a case report and literature review

The association between epidermolysis bullosa and congenital pyloric atresia is rare, but is a known distinct clinical entity with autosomal recessive inheritance. We report on a case of a baby girl born by cesarean section at 37 weeks’ gestation to a G7 P7 mother and weighed 2.84 kg. At birth, there was denuded skin over the right leg from the knee joint up to the middle of the right foot. Abdominal radiograph was thus performed and indicated absent gas in the small bowel and single bubble appearance of the stomach. Pyloric atresia was surgically corrected. Electron microscopy of skin biopsies showed junctional epidermolysis bullosa. There was typical nail dystrophy and no corneal lesions; ultrasonography for the renal system was normal. At 4 months of age, the baby required gastrostomy and fundoplication for severe failure to thrive. Six weeks after her second surgical procedure, the patient presented to the emergency room dead; the parents provided a typical scenario of sudden infant death syndrome at home. Examination indicated no signs of child abuse; the parents refused an autopsy exam for the child.Keywords: aplasia cutis syndrome, epidermolysis bullosa, pyloric atresi

Friedel-Crafts chemistry: Part 41. A new facile synthesis of indeno[1,2-c] pyrazoles, 2H-benzo[g]indazoles and benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyrazoles via Friedel-Crafts ring closures

Expedient and novel alternative synthesis of some fused heteropolycycles containing pyrazole moiety is described. A series of indeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles, 2H-benzo[g]indazoles and benzo[6,7] cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyrazoles were prepared by Friedel-Crafts ring closure of suitable synthesized carboxylic acids and alkanols in the presence of AlCl3/CH3NO2 or P2O5 or PPA (polyphosphoric acid) catalysts. The precursor acids were obtained by utilizing KMnO4 oxidation of the corresponding aldehyde, alkylations of diethyl malonates and Perkin type approaches, whereas starting alkanols were smoothly obtained by reaction of carboxylic acid ester with Grignard reagent. To exemplify, cyclizations of 5-chloro-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (6) were accomplished using the above catalysts afforded 3-chloro-2-phenylindeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-4(2H)-one (1b). Similarly, cyclization of the 2-(5-chloro-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)propan-2-ol (8) by a Friedel–Crafts-type ring closure afforded the 3-chloro-2,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2-phenylindeno[1,2-c]pyrazole (1a)

Synthesis and Characterization of Cu(I)-Folic Acid Complex A Theoretical and Experimental Study

Copper (I) complex containing folic acid ligand was prepared and characterized on the basis of metal analyses, UV-VIS, FTIR spectroscopies and magnetic susceptibility. The density functional theory (DFT) as molecular modeling calculations was used to determine the donor atoms of folic acid ligand which appear clearly at oxygen atoms binding to hydrogen. Detection of donation sights is supported by theoretical parameters such as geometry, mulliken population, mulliken charge and HOMO-LUMO gap obtained by DFT calculations

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Table 2: Example applications of the use of remote sensing technologies to detect change in vegetation.

In order to understand the distribution and prevalence of Ommatissus lybicus (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae) as well as analyse their current biographical patterns and predict their future spread, comprehensive and detailed information on the environmental, climatic, and agricultural practices are essential. The spatial analytical techniques such as Remote Sensing and Spatial Statistics Tools, can help detect and model spatial links and correlations between the presence, absence and density of O. lybicus in response to climatic, environmental, and human factors. The main objective of this paper is to review remote sensing and relevant analytical techniques that can be applied in mapping and modelling the habitat and population density of O. lybicus. An exhaustive search of related literature revealed that there are very limited studies linking location-based infestation levels of pests like the O. lybicus with climatic, environmental, and human practice related variables. This review also highlights the accumulated knowledge and addresses the gaps in this area of research. Furthermore, it makes recommendations for future studies, and gives suggestions on monitoring and surveillance methods in designing both local and regional level integrated pest management strategies of palm tree and other affected cultivated crops

The design and performance of gear pumps with particular reference to marginal suction condition

In this thesis an investigation for the identification, measurement and modelling of the gear pump performance under marginal suction condition, created in the suction line and resulting in cavitation at the suction port and cavitation erosion on the delivery side plate is introduced. A new technique for the detection of cavitation in gear pumps has been employed and proved to be more efficient and less expensive than other techniques available. The experimental study has been carried out by monitoring the pressure ripple at the pump inlet and outlet, as well as investigating the pressure distribution around the gear rotor under cavitating and non-cavitating conditions. It was found that the gear pump cavitation appeared in three distinct stages, these being cavitation-inception, discrete-cavitation and continuous-cavitation. These stages of cavit tion were investigated by means of pressure distribution around the gear rotor using a miniature pressure transducer positioned at a gear fillet. The experimental results demonstrate a drop in filling efficiency, of the tooth space due to cavitation, which provides a further understanding of the pump performance characteristics at different inlet conditions. An expression for the definition of transient pressure in the tooth space due to trapped volume has been derived for the first time and proved to give a good correlation with published experimental work. A surface analysis technique has been employed in this work to study the behaviour of the material erosion due to cavitation bubble collapse, using a 'Talysurf 41 instrumentation system, and the results obtained are in good agreement with those published by NEL

Evaluation of Echinococcus granulosus DNA extracts from protoscoles and germinal layer in sheep

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by the metacestode of the dog tapeworm Echinococcus spp., is a global zoonotic infection. It is economically important and constitutes a major threat to public health in many countries. Strains characterization is essential for the establishment of a preventive and control strategy in every endemic area. This study was aimed to compare between DNA extracts from Protoscoleces and germinal layer of E. granulosus strain in infected sheep. Thirty, fresh fertile hydatid cysts from sheep’s infected organs were collected from different abattoirs of Baghdad, Iraq. All cysts were examined by light microscope to investigate the protoscoleces viability. Protoscoleces and germinal layer were seperated and DNA was extracted. Efficiency of the DNA extract was determined by degree of its success in PCR amplification. Genomic DNA mini kit and primers forward JB3 / reverse JB4 were used to extract DNA. The results showed that DNA extract from Protoscoleces were more visible and more concentrated than the germinal layers DNA and appeared at 448bp on electrophoresis. In conclusion, the result of this study revealed that Protoscoles DNA was differed and better than germinal layer DNA

Modern Friedel-Crafts Chemistry. Part 30­¹Facile synthesis of isomeric tri- and tetramethyltetrahydrophenanthrenes <i>via</i> rearranged cycloalkylation of suitably methylated 1-(1- and 2-naphthyl)-3-pentanols

203-208Facile methods for the synthesis of isomeric tri- and tetramethyl-tetrahydrophenanthrenes (11, 18, 21, and 27) have been accomplished through rearranged Friedel-Crafts cycloalkylation of naphthylpentanols 1-4, respectively. Thus, treatments with the mild 85% H2SO4, H3PO4 and AlCl3/CH3NO2 catalysts produced 1,1,2-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropenanthrene 11 from 2,2-dimethyl-5-(1-naphthyl)-3-pentanol 1, 3,4,4-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene 18 from 2,2-dimethyl-5-(2-naphthyl)-3-pentanol 2, 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene 21 from 2,2,3-trimethyl-5-(1-naphthyl)-3-pentanl 3 and 3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropenanthrene 27 from 2,2,3-trimethyl-5-(2-naphthyl)-3-pentanol 4. Treatment with the strong AlCl3 catalyst resulted in varying amounts of side products. The starting and final products were characterized by elemental analysis and IR, 1H NMR and MS data

Prolactin serum levels and breast cancer: Relationships with hematological factors among cases in Karbala Province, Iraq

Background: About one million of women are diagnosed with breast cancer globally and nearly half of whom will die from cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading of mortality among women. The present study aimed to find out the relationship breast cancer and levels of PRL and influence on some hematological parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 71 specimens were collected from females with breast cancer. Blood specimens were collected, and a blood group, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and prolactin (PRL) level was evaluated. Results: The results show that most breast cancer cases were age group 40–50 years and less common among other age groups. The married women were 97% and the unmarried was 3% only. Most studied cases (43%) were O+ and (26%) were A+ blood group, in compare to other blood groups. In addition, many women show a slight decrease in Hb and PCV level ( 0.05). The PRL levels were increased (31.5 ng/ml) in compare to the range of normal value (14.5 ng/ml) in women at all age groups. Conclusions: The study concludes that there was a relationship between PRL level and breast cancer with a highly significant value