53 research outputs found

    Policy and Institutional effects on market participation by smallholder rice farmers: case studies in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger

    Get PDF
    Rice sector contributes significantly to secure households with regard to their food needs but also to the creation of employments and income generation. The sector development and its evolution over the years have been marked by various policies and approaches. These development stages of the sector constitute nothing but the impact of the number of factors such as the rice policies put in place. A collaborative multi-country pilot study on policy and institutional arrangements effects on irrigated rice production and commercialization was conducted by WARDA and its country partners of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. In-depth surveys were carried out at both village and household levels to collect qualitative and quantitative data on irrigated rice production, commercialization, and irrigated schemes governance. A common critical constrain cited by the producers in these countries is the commercialization of their product and their inability to take advantage of the market opportunities. Using village and household levels survey data on irrigated rice production and commercialization, this paper attempts to examine the impact of policy and institutional factors in market participation by smallholder rice producers. A farm level supply is estimated using the quantity of rice marketed as the dependant variable and factors such as output and inputs price, and policy and institutional variables as independent ones. The preliminary results indicate that most significant explanatory variable is the average irrigated rice plot (Mali and Niger) and total area of other crops grown by the producer.Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, International Relations/Trade, Labor and Human Capital, Marketing, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

    Inventaire des variétés, des méthodes locales de stockage et de protection contre les ravageurs de la patate douce (Ipomea batatas L.) dans la bande Ouest du Niger

    Get PDF
    La patate douce (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) est une culture de subsistance par excellence en Afrique. Comme aliment de soudure, elle joue un rĂŽle majeur dans plusieurs mĂ©nages tant urbains que ruraux et sa consommation par habitant est d’environ 84 kg/an. A cet effet, la valorisation de cette culture reprĂ©sente une des meilleures alternatives pour assurer la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire d’une population en constante croissance et Ă©galement face Ă  la baisse de la production des cultures vivriĂšres comme le mil, sorgho ou le blĂ©. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une meilleure connaissance de la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique et la maĂźtrise des problĂšmes phytosanitaires s’avĂšre plus que primordiales. Pour cela, des enquĂȘtes ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es auprĂšs des producteurs des principales zones de culture en vue d’inventorier les variĂ©tĂ©s couramment utilisĂ©es et les connaissances locales en matiĂšre de stockage et de maĂźtrise des problĂšmes phytosanitaires de cette plante. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont permis de montrer qu’une diversitĂ© de variĂ©tĂ©s de patate douce est cultivĂ©e au Niger. Cependant, le nombre de variĂ©tĂ©s locales utilisĂ©es dĂ©pend de la zone d’étude. C’est ainsi que dans la zone d’Ayorou, huit (8) variĂ©tĂ©s de patate douce ont Ă©tĂ© recensĂ©es contre douze (12) Ă  Balleyara et seize (16) dans la zone de Bengou. Pour lutter contre les ennemis de la culture, les producteurs pratiquent la mĂ©thode chimique avec une utilisation abusive de pesticides chimiques qui reprĂ©sentent un danger pour l’environnement. Plusieurs mĂ©thodes locales de stockage sont aussi utilisĂ©es pour la conservation des tubercules de patate douce (Stockage Ă  l’ombre des arbres, la conservation sur pied, conservation dans de grenier) mais avec des rĂ©sultats non satisfaisants car les pertes liĂ©es au stockage des tubercules restent trĂšs Ă©levĂ©es.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clĂ©s: patate douce, diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique, connaissances locales, mĂ©thodes de lutte, mĂ©thodes de stockage, Niger

    A Rare Case of Sickle Cell Anemia Crisis Triggered by Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria

    Get PDF
    Malaria is a common public health problem in Sub-Saharan African countries such as Niger and one child dies every two minutes due to this disease. Although the defense mechanism is not clear, sickle cells are 90% protective especially for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In Niger, malaria is among the first to be considered in patients admitted to the emergency departments (EDs) with high fever. It is important for physicians to resolve the clinical manifestation in a patient who admits due to acute abdominal pain and high fever in a hospital with limited facilities. Failure to provide information about the patient’s history and admission to the ED alone led to a delay of diagnosis and treatment of this rare coexistence

    Impacts des banquettes dans la récupération des terres dégradées au Niger

    Get PDF
    Objectifs : Le dĂ©partement de Ouallam au Niger est soumis au phĂ©nomĂšne de dĂ©gradation des terres. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude, conduite sur le plateau dĂ©gradĂ© de Sini Bangou dans la Commune de Simiri, a pourobjectif d’évaluer l’efficacitĂ© du dispositif des banquettes anti-Ă©rosives sur l’amĂ©lioration de la couverture vĂ©gĂ©tale et de la qualitĂ© du sol.MĂ©thodologie et rĂ©sultats : Le dispositif expĂ©rimental de collecte des donnĂ©es est un site de rĂ©cupĂ©ration des terres oĂč des banquettes ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es, plantĂ©es et ensemencĂ©es. La mĂ©thodologie a consistĂ© Ă  une analyse diachronique de l’occupation du sol Ă  l’aide des images Landsat, une analyse granulomĂ©trique, des tests d’infiltration de l’eau et des relevĂ©s phytosociologiques. Les rĂ©sultats montrentune amĂ©lioration du couvert vĂ©gĂ©tal de 17,24 ha, soit 11,50% de la superficie du site, l’apparition d’une vĂ©gĂ©tation spontanĂ©e de 69 espĂšces dont 11 ligneuses appartenant Ă  7 familles et 58 herbacĂ©es rĂ©parties dans 15 familles dominĂ©es par la famille des Poaceae (31,88%) et les types biologiques ThĂ©rophytes (69,01%).Les espĂšces Ă  distribution Soudano-ZambĂ©ziennes (33,21%)etSoudano-ZambĂ©ziennes-Sahariennes-Sindiennes(31,15%) sont les types phytogĂ©ographiques les plus dominants de la flore globale Ă  l’échelle africaine. La vitesse de l’infiltration relativement lente enregistrĂ©e pendant les dix premiĂšres minutes (≀ 10 cm/mn), a progressĂ© au rythme d’une moyenne de 1 cm/mn en profondeur pour s’arrĂȘter aubout de 30 minutes au profit d’une infiltration latĂ©rale. L’épaisseur des dĂ©pĂŽts de sĂ©diments varie entre 9 et 15 cm selon les banquettes et la teneur en matiĂšre organique fluctuant entre 0,36 Ă  1,43%, quoique faible, reste plus importante au niveau des horizons de surface de 0-20 cm que ceux de profondeur 20-40 cm. Ces effets associĂ©s au caractĂšre dominant sableux du sol ont permis l’amĂ©lioration de l’état structural et textural de ce dernier et l’augmentation de l’infiltration et du stockage de l’eau qui aurait rĂ©sultĂ© au dĂ©veloppement quantitatif et qualitatif du couvert vĂ©gĂ©tal.Conclusion et application des rĂ©sultats : Cette Ă©tude montre que les banquettes constituent une mĂ©thode efficace pour rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rer le capital productif d’un Ă©cosystĂšme dĂ©gradĂ©. Cependant, la pĂ©rennitĂ© des services Ă©cosystĂ©miques de l’amĂ©nagement devrait ĂȘtre garantie par des modes de gestion rationnelle. Objectives: The department of Ouallam in Niger is subject to land degradation. The study was conducted on the degraded area of Sini Bangou in the district of Simiri with the aim to assess the effectiveness of the anti-erosion terraces system on improving plant cover and soil quality.Methodology and results: Experimental data collection design was a degraded land site where terraces have been made with tree plantation and herbaceous seeds sown. The methodology consisted of a diachronic analysis of land use using Landsat images, a granulometric analysis, water infiltration tests and phytosociological surveys. Results show an improvement in the plant cover of 17.24 ha, or 11.50% of the site area, a spontaneous vegetation of 69 species made up of 11 woody ones belonging to 7 families and 58 herbaceous ones distributed into 15 families dominated by the family of Poaceae (31.88%) and the biological types of Therophytes (69.01%). Soudano-Zambezian (33.21%) and Soudano-Zambezian-Saharan-Sindian (31.15%) species are the most dominant phytogeographic types of the overall flora on anafrican scale. The relatively slow infiltration speed recorded during the first ten minutes (≀ 10 cm / min), increased at the rate of an average of 1 cm / min in depth to stop after 30 minutes in favour of a lateral infiltration. Sediment deposits thickness varied between 9 and 15 cm depending on the terraces and the organic matter content fluctuating between 0.36 to 1.43%, although low, remains greater at the level of the surface horizons of 0-20 cm than those of 20-40 cm deep. These effects associated with the dominant sandy character of the soil allowed the structural and textural soil state improvement and the increase inthe water infiltration and storage which would have resulted in the quantitative and qualitative development of the plant cover.Conclusion and application of findings: The study shows that terraces are an effective method forregenerating the productive capital of a degraded ecosystem. However, the sustainability of the ecosystem services of the treated area should be guaranteed by rational management methods

    Prospection, EnquĂȘte et Collectes des Accessions de Poivron (Capsicum annuum L.) CultivĂ©s dans la RĂ©gion de Diffa, Niger

    Get PDF
    Au Niger, particuliĂšrement dans la rĂ©gion de Diffa, le poivron est la spĂ©culation la plus cultivĂ©e et la plus commercialisĂ©e, reprĂ©sentant ainsi le poumon Ă©conomique de la rĂ©gion. Pour accroitre la production et prĂ©venir toute Ă©rosion gĂ©nĂ©tique, des connaissances sur la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique et les pratiques paysannes de la gestion du poivron sont nĂ©cessaires. C’est ainsi qu’une prospection suivie de collecte de graines a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es dans toute la rĂ©gion de Diffa. La mĂ©thode d’obtention des donnĂ©es et de collecte des accessions Ă  consister en des entretiens directs avec les paysans et les commerçants du poivron alĂ©atoirement choisis dans les villages ou sites d’exploitations.  Le gĂ©o rĂ©fĂ©rencement de tous les sites/villages visitĂ©s a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© et une carte est Ă©tablie. Dix-neuf (19) sites (ou villages) ont Ă©tĂ© prospectĂ©s Ă  travers la rĂ©gion et cinquante un (51) accessions collectĂ©es. L’étude rĂ©vĂšle que la culture du poivron est plus pratiquĂ©e par la classe d’ñge moins avancĂ©e (18-45 ans) avec une frĂ©quence qui varie de 50% (Diffa) Ă  77% (Nguigmi). Cette culture est pratiquĂ©e majoritairement par les hommes dans toutes les zones prospectĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats montrent Ă©galement que les « kanuri » sont majoritairement producteurs de cette spĂ©culation avec une frĂ©quence qui varie de 84% (Nguigmi) Ă  100% (Bosso et Diffa). La culture est en rĂ©gression dans certaines localitĂ©s (DĂ©partement de Diffa, de Bosso et de Maine Soroa) compte tenu des certaines contraintes biotiques (ravageurs) et abiotiques (inondation, insĂ©curitĂ©). A la fin, du matĂ©riel pour les programmes d’amĂ©lioration du poivron est disponible au Niger.   In Niger, particularly in the Diffa region, bell pepper is the most cultivated and marketed  crop, thus representing the economic lung of the region. To increase production and prevent genetic erosion, knowledge of genetic diversity and farmers’ practices  is needed. Thus, a survey  followed by seed collection was  conducted throughout the Diffa region. The method of obtaining data and collecting accessions consisted of direct interviews with farmers and bell pepper traders randomly selected in the villages or farmers sites. Geo-referencing of all the sites/villages visited has been carried out and a map  was established. Nineteen (19) sites (or villages) were surveyed across the region and fifty-one (51) accessions collected. The study revealed that bell pepper cultivation is more common among  the younger age group (18-45 years) with a frequency that varies from 50% (Diffa) to 77% (Nguigmi). This crop is grown mainly by men in all the zones surveyed . The results also showed that the "kanuri" are the main producers of this crop with a frequency that varies from 84% (Nguigmi) to 100% (Bosso and Diffa). Production is declining in some localities (Departments of Diffa, Bosso and Maine Soroa) due to certain biotic (pests) and abiotic (flooding, insecurity) constraints.  Finally, materials for bell pepper improvement programs are available in Niger

    Prospection, EnquĂȘte et Collectes des Accessions de Poivron (Capsicum Annuum L.) CultivĂ©s dans la RĂ©gion de Diffa, Niger

    Get PDF
    Le poivron est une plante polyvalente utilisĂ© soit comme Ă©pice, soit comme lĂ©gume-fruit dans la plupart des mets. Sa poudre communĂ©ment appelĂ© paprika est un condiment largement consommĂ© dans le monde. Au Niger, particuliĂšrement dans la rĂ©gion de Diffa, le poivron est la spĂ©culation la plus cultivĂ©e et la plus commercialisĂ©e, reprĂ©sentant ainsi le poumon Ă©conomique de la rĂ©gion. Une prospection suivie d’une enquĂȘte et d’une collecte des accessions de poivron a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e dans cinq (5) dĂ©partements de production de la rĂ©gion de Diffa. Dix-neuf (19) sites/villages ont Ă©tĂ© prospectĂ©s Ă  travers la rĂ©gion. Tous les sites/villages visitĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© gĂ©o rĂ©fĂ©rencĂ©es et une carte a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie. Au total cinquante un (51) accessions ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es. Il ressort de l’entretien que la culture du poivron est plus pratiquĂ©e par la classe d’ñge moins avancĂ©e avec une frĂ©quence qui varie de 77% (Nguigmi) Ă  50% (Diffa). Cette culture est pratiquĂ©e majoritairement par les hommes dans toutes les zones prospectĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats montrent Ă©galement que les kanuri sont majoritairement producteurs de cette spĂ©culation avec une frĂ©quence qui varie de 100% (Bosso et Diffa) Ă  84% (Nguigmi). La culture est en rĂ©gression dans certaines localitĂ© compte tenu des certaines contraintes biotiques (ravageurs) et abiotiques (inondation, insĂ©curitĂ©). Apres les rĂ©coltes les fruits sont commercialisĂ©s dans les marchĂ©s locaux ou rĂ©gionaux, majoritairement dans le dĂ©partement de Diffa (87%) et en moindre importance dans le dĂ©partement de Bosso (32%). Le prix d’un sac de poivron sec de 17 kg varie de 11 000 Ă  44 000 FCFA selon les pĂ©riodes et la disponibilitĂ© en quantitĂ© et en qualitĂ© des fruits.   The pepper is a versatile plant used either as a spice or as a fruit vegetable in most dishes. Its powder commonly called paprika is a widely consumed condiment in the world. In Niger, particularly in the Diffa region, the pepper is the most cultivated and most marketed speculation, thus representing the economic lung of the region. A survey followed by a survey and a collection of pepper accessions was carried out in five (5) production departments of the Diffa region. Nineteen (19) sites/villages were surveyed across the region. All the sites/villages visited have been geo-referenced and a map has been drawn up. A total of fifty one (51) accessions were collected. It appears from the interview that pepper cultivation is more practiced by the younger age group with a frequency that varies from 77% (N’guigmi) to 50% (Diffa). This culture is practiced mainly by men in all surveyed areas. The results also show that the kanuri are mainly producers of this speculation with a frequency that varies from 100% (Bosso and Diffa) to 84% (N’guigmi). Cultivation is declining in some localities due to certain biotic (pests) and abiotic (flooding, insecurity) constraints. After the harvest, the fruits are marketed in local or regional markets, mainly in the department of Diffa (87%) and to a lesser extent in the department of Bosso (32%). The price of a 17 kg bag of dry peppers varies from 11,000 to 44,000 FCFA depending on the period and the availability in quantity and quality of the fruits

    Prospection, EnquĂȘte et Collectes des Accessions de Poivron (Capsicum Annuum L.) CultivĂ©s dans la RĂ©gion de Diffa, Niger

    Get PDF
    Le poivron est une plante polyvalente utilisĂ© soit comme Ă©pice, soit comme lĂ©gume-fruit dans la plupart des mets. Sa poudre communĂ©ment appelĂ© paprika est un condiment largement consommĂ© dans le monde. Au Niger, particuliĂšrement dans la rĂ©gion de Diffa, le poivron est la spĂ©culation la plus cultivĂ©e et la plus commercialisĂ©e, reprĂ©sentant ainsi le poumon Ă©conomique de la rĂ©gion. Une prospection suivie d’une enquĂȘte et d’une collecte des accessions de poivron a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e dans cinq (5) dĂ©partements de production de la rĂ©gion de Diffa. Dix-neuf (19) sites/villages ont Ă©tĂ© prospectĂ©s Ă  travers la rĂ©gion. Tous les sites/villages visitĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© gĂ©o rĂ©fĂ©rencĂ©es et une carte a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie. Au total cinquante un (51) accessions ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es. Il ressort de l’entretien que la culture du poivron est plus pratiquĂ©e par la classe d’ñge moins avancĂ©e avec une frĂ©quence qui varie de 77% (Nguigmi) Ă  50% (Diffa). Cette culture est pratiquĂ©e majoritairement par les hommes dans toutes les zones prospectĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats montrent Ă©galement que les kanuri sont majoritairement producteurs de cette spĂ©culation avec une frĂ©quence qui varie de 100% (Bosso et Diffa) Ă  84% (Nguigmi). La culture est en rĂ©gression dans certaines localitĂ© compte tenu des certaines contraintes biotiques (ravageurs) et abiotiques (inondation, insĂ©curitĂ©). Apres les rĂ©coltes les fruits sont commercialisĂ©s dans les marchĂ©s locaux ou rĂ©gionaux, majoritairement dans le dĂ©partement de Diffa (87%) et en moindre importance dans le dĂ©partement de Bosso (32%). Le prix d’un sac de poivron sec de 17 kg varie de 11 000 Ă  44 000 FCFA selon les pĂ©riodes et la disponibilitĂ© en quantitĂ© et en qualitĂ© des fruits.   The pepper is a versatile plant used either as a spice or as a fruit vegetable in most dishes. Its powder commonly called paprika is a widely consumed condiment in the world. In Niger, particularly in the Diffa region, the pepper is the most cultivated and most marketed speculation, thus representing the economic lung of the region. A survey followed by a survey and a collection of pepper accessions was carried out in five (5) production departments of the Diffa region. Nineteen (19) sites/villages were surveyed across the region. All the sites/villages visited have been geo-referenced and a map has been drawn up. A total of fifty one (51) accessions were collected. It appears from the interview that pepper cultivation is more practiced by the younger age group with a frequency that varies from 77% (N’guigmi) to 50% (Diffa). This culture is practiced mainly by men in all surveyed areas. The results also show that the kanuri are mainly producers of this speculation with a frequency that varies from 100% (Bosso and Diffa) to 84% (N’guigmi). Cultivation is declining in some localities due to certain biotic (pests) and abiotic (flooding, insecurity) constraints. After the harvest, the fruits are marketed in local or regional markets, mainly in the department of Diffa (87%) and to a lesser extent in the department of Bosso (32%). The price of a 17 kg bag of dry peppers varies from 11,000 to 44,000 FCFA depending on the period and the availability in quantity and quality of the fruits

    Synthùse d’observateurs fonctionnels à temps de convergence finie

    Get PDF
    National audienceCet article présente un observateur fonctionnel pour des systÚmes linéaires et un estimayeur de fautes en convergence en temps fini. La stabilité de l'observateur est presentée et sa performance est demontréeà partir de similations numeriques. L'originalité de cet observateur fonctionnel est sa capabilité de convergir en un temps donné et garantir la correcte estimation de la faute en une periode précise de temps

    Childhood disability in rural Niger: a population-based assessment using the Key Informant Method.

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND: Data on childhood disability is essential for planning health, education and other services. However, information is lacking in many low- and middle-income countries, including Niger. This study uses the Key Informant Method, an innovative and cost-effective strategy for generating population-based estimates of childhood disability, to estimate the prevalence and causes of moderate/severe impairments and disabling health conditions in children of school-going age (7-16 years) in the Kollo department of western Niger. METHODS: Community-based key informants were trained to identify children who were suspected of having the impairment types/health conditions included in this study. Children identified by key informants were visited by paediatricians and underwent an assessment for moderate/severe vision, hearing, physical and intellectual impairments, as well as epilepsy, albinism and emotional distress. RESULTS: Two thousand, five hundred sixty-one children were identified by key informants, of whom 2191 were visited by paediatricians (response rate = 85.6%). Overall, 597 children were determined to have an impairment/health condition, giving a prevalence of disability of 11.4 per 1000 children (10.6- 12.2). Intellectual impairment was most common (6.5 per 1000), followed by physical (4.9 per 1000) and hearing impairments (4.7 per 1000). Many children had never sought medical attention for their impairment/health condition, with health seeking ranging from 40.0% of children with visual impairment to 67.2% for children with physical impairments. CONCLUSION: The Key Informant Method enabled the identification of a large number of children with disabling impairments and health conditions in rural Niger, many of whom have unmet needs for health and other services

    Variability in mortality following caesarean delivery, appendectomy, and groin hernia repair in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and analysis of published data

    Get PDF
    Background Surgical interventions occur at lower rates in resource-poor settings, and complication and death rates following surgery are probably substantial but have not been well quantifi ed. A deeper understanding of outcomes is a crucial step to ensure that high quality accompanies increased global access to surgical care. We aimed to assess surgical mortality following three common surgical procedures—caesarean delivery, appendectomy, and groin (inguinal and femoral) hernia repair—to quantify the potential risks of expanding access without simultaneously addressing issues of quality and safety. Methods We collected demographic, health, and economic data for 113 countries classifi ed as low income or lower-middle income by the World Bank in 2005. We did a systematic review of Ovid, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 15, 2015, to identify studies in these countries reporting all-cause mortality following the three commonly undertaken operations. Reports from governmental and other agencies were also identifi ed and included. We modelled surgical mortality rates for countries without reported data using a two-step multiple imputation method. We fi rst used a fully conditional specifi cation (FCS) multiple imputation method to establish complete datasets for all missing variables that we considered potentially predictive of surgical mortality. We then used regression-based predictive mean matching imputation methods, specifi ed within the multiple imputation FCS method, for selected predictors for each operation using the completed dataset to predict mortality rates along with confi dence intervals for countries without reported mortality data. To account for variability in data availability, we aggregated results by subregion and estimated surgical mortality rates. Findings From an initial 1302 articles and reports identifi ed, 247 full-text articles met our inclusion criteria, and 124 provided data for surgical mortality for at least one of the three selected operations. We identifi ed 42 countries with mortality data for at least one of the three procedures. Median reported mortality was 7·9 per 1000 operations for caesarean delivery (IQR 2·8–19·9), 2·2 per 1000 operations for appendectomy (0·0–17·2), and 4·9 per 1000 operations for groin hernia (0·0–11·7). Perioperative mortality estimates by subregion ranged from 2·8 (South Asia) to 50·2 (East Asia) per 1000 caesarean deliveries, 2·4 (South Asia) to 54·0 (Central sub-Saharan Africa) per 1000 appendectomies, and 0·3 (Andean Latin America) to 25·5 (Southern sub-Saharan Africa) per 1000 hernia repairs. Interpretation All-cause postoperative mortality rates are exceedingly variable within resource-constrained environments. Eff orts to expand surgical access and provision of services must include a strong commitment to improve the safety and quality of care
    • 

    corecore