Manque de sommeil et maladies métaboliques

Voluntary sleep restriction is increasingly common in modern socities. Evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that sleep loss may be a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes. First, since the modifications in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity may underlie the relationship between sleep loss and metabolic diseases, 1 evaluated the effect of 2 short nights on this system in healthy lean young men. We showed that 2 nights of 4h in bed impaired spontaneous activity and the reactivity of the HPA axis and that the magnitude of these alterations was related of the severity of sleep loss. 1n a second step, 1 sought to determine if sleep extension could have a beneficial effect in young obese short sleepers. Our preliminary results showed that, by a simple bedtime extension, obese subjects usually sleeping 6h were able to sleep 8h, a duration associated with the lowest risk obesity risk in epidemiological studies. Moreover, their appetite for sweets and fat food, and snacking were decreased, the levels of pancreatic polypeptide, an anorexigenic hormone, were increased and the more they slept, the less they consumed calories at an ad libitum buffet. This work highlights the importance of getting enough sleep to maintain a good metabolic health and suggest that sleep optimization may have implications for novel public health interventionsLa réduction du temps de sommeil est un phénomène de plus en plus courant. Un faisceau de données expérimentales et épidémiologiques suggère qu'un manque de sommeil pourrait être un facteur de risque d'obésité et de diabète. Dans un premier temps, puisque des modifications de l'axe Hypothalamo-Hypophyso-Surrénalien (HHS) pourraient sous- tendre la relation entre le manque de sommeil et les maladies métaboliques, j'ai évalué les effets de 2 nuits courtes sur ce système chez des jeunes hommes en bonne santé. Nous avons montré que 2 nuits de 4h au lit altéraient l'activité spontanée et la réactivité de l'axe HHS et que l'ampleur des altérations était corrélée à l'importance de la privation de sommeil. Dans un deuxième temps, j'ai tenté de déterminer si une extension de sommeil pouvait avoir des effets bénéfiques chez des jeunes obèses dormant habituellement peu. Nos résultats préliminaires montrent que par simple extension du temps passé au lit, des obèses dormant habituellement 6h, étaient capables de dormir 8h, une durée associée au plus faible risque d'obésité dans les études épidémiologiques, que leur appétit pour les aliments gras et salés et le grignotage diminuaient, que leurs taux de polypeptide pancréatique, une hormone anorexigène, étaient augmentés, et que leur prise calorique lors d'un buffet à volonté était d'autant plus diminuée que leur temps de sommeil était augmenté. Ce travail souligne l'importance d'une durée de sommeil suffisante pour une bonne santé métabolique et suggère que l'optimisation du sommeil pourrait constituer une alternative peu coûteuse pour la prévention et la prise en charge des maladies métabolique

Modelling LAI at a regional scale with ISBA-A-gs: comparison with satellite-derived LAI over southwestern France

International audienceA CO2-responsive land surface model (the ISBAA- gs model of M´et´eo-France) is used to simulate photosynthesis and Leaf Area Index (LAI) in southwestern France for a 3-year period (2001–2003). A domain of about 170 000 km2 is covered at a spatial resolution of 8 km. The capability of ISBA-A-gs to reproduce the seasonal and the interannual variability of LAI at a regional scale, is assessed with satellite-derived LAI products. One originates from the CYCLOPES programme using SPOT/VEGETATION data, and two products are based on MODIS data. The comparison reveals discrepancies between the satellite LAI estimates and between satellite and simulated LAI values, both in their intensity and in the timing of the leaf onset. The model simulates higher LAI values for the C3 crops than the satellite observations, which may be due to a saturation effect within the satellite signal or to uncertainties in model parameters. The simulated leaf onset presents a significant delay for C3 crops and mountainous grasslands. In-situ observations at a mid-altitude grassland site show that the generic temperature response of photosynthesis used in the model is not appropriate for plants adapted to the cold climatic conditions of the mountainous areas. This study demonstrates the potential of LAI remote sensing products for identifying and locating models' shortcomings at a regional scale

Genetic landscape of a large cohort of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency : New genes and pathways and implications for personalized medicine

Background Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI), a public health problem, affects 1-3.7% of women under 40 yield-ing infertility and a shorter lifespan. Most causes are unknown. Recently, genetic causes were identified, mostly in single families. We studied an unprecedented large cohort of POI to unravel its molecular pathophysiology.Methods 375 patients with 70 families were studied using targeted (88 genes) or whole exome sequencing with pathogenic/likely-pathogenic variant selection. Mitomycin-induced chromosome breakages were studied in patients' lymphocytes if necessary. Findings A high-yield of 29.3% supports a clinical genetic diagnosis of POI. In addition, we found strong evidence of pathogenicity for nine genes not previously related to a Mendelian phenotype or POI: ELAVL2, NLRP11, CENPE, SPATA33, CCDC150, CCDC185, including DNA repair genes: C17orf53(HROB), HELQ, SWI5 yielding high chromo-somal fragility. We confirmed the causal role of BRCA2, FANCM, BNC1, ERCC6, MSH4, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, ESR2, CAV1, SPIDR, RCBTB1 and ATG7 previously reported in isolated patients/families. In 8.5% of cases, POI is the only symptom of a multi-organ genetic disease. New pathways were identified: NF-kB, post-translational regulation, and mitophagy (mitochondrial autophagy), providing future therapeutic targets. Three new genes have been shown to affect the age of natural menopause supporting a genetic link.Interpretation We have developed high-performance genetic diagnostic of POI, dissecting the molecular pathogene-sis of POI and enabling personalized medicine to i) prevent/cure comorbidities for tumour/cancer susceptibility genes that could affect life-expectancy (37.4% of cases), or for genetically-revealed syndromic POI (8.5% of cases), ii) predict residual ovarian reserve (60.5% of cases). Genetic diagnosis could help to identify patients who may benefit from the promising in vitro activation-IVA technique in the near future, greatly improving its success in treating infertility.Funding Universite? Paris Saclay, Agence Nationale de Biome?decine.Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)Peer reviewe

Sleep and metabolic diseases

La réduction du temps de sommeil est un phénomène de plus en plus courant. Un faisceau de données expérimentales et épidémiologiques suggère qu'un manque de sommeil pourrait être un facteur de risque d'obésité et de diabète. Dans un premier temps, puisque des modifications de l'axe Hypothalamo-Hypophyso-Surrénalien (HHS) pourraient sous- tendre la relation entre le manque de sommeil et les maladies métaboliques, j'ai évalué les effets de 2 nuits courtes sur ce système chez des jeunes hommes en bonne santé. Nous avons montré que 2 nuits de 4h au lit altéraient l'activité spontanée et la réactivité de l'axe HHS et que l'ampleur des altérations était corrélée à l'importance de la privation de sommeil. Dans un deuxième temps, j'ai tenté de déterminer si une extension de sommeil pouvait avoir des effets bénéfiques chez des jeunes obèses dormant habituellement peu. Nos résultats préliminaires montrent que par simple extension du temps passé au lit, des obèses dormant habituellement 6h, étaient capables de dormir 8h, une durée associée au plus faible risque d'obésité dans les études épidémiologiques, que leur appétit pour les aliments gras et salés et le grignotage diminuaient, que leurs taux de polypeptide pancréatique, une hormone anorexigène, étaient augmentés, et que leur prise calorique lors d'un buffet à volonté était d'autant plus diminuée que leur temps de sommeil était augmenté. Ce travail souligne l'importance d'une durée de sommeil suffisante pour une bonne santé métabolique et suggère que l'optimisation du sommeil pourrait constituer une alternative peu coûteuse pour la prévention et la prise en charge des maladies métaboliquesVoluntary sleep restriction is increasingly common in modern socities. Evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that sleep loss may be a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes. First, since the modifications in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity may underlie the relationship between sleep loss and metabolic diseases, 1 evaluated the effect of 2 short nights on this system in healthy lean young men. We showed that 2 nights of 4h in bed impaired spontaneous activity and the reactivity of the HPA axis and that the magnitude of these alterations was related of the severity of sleep loss. 1n a second step, 1 sought to determine if sleep extension could have a beneficial effect in young obese short sleepers. Our preliminary results showed that, by a simple bedtime extension, obese subjects usually sleeping 6h were able to sleep 8h, a duration associated with the lowest risk obesity risk in epidemiological studies. Moreover, their appetite for sweets and fat food, and snacking were decreased, the levels of pancreatic polypeptide, an anorexigenic hormone, were increased and the more they slept, the less they consumed calories at an ad libitum buffet. This work highlights the importance of getting enough sleep to maintain a good metabolic health and suggest that sleep optimization may have implications for novel public health intervention

Maturation of Arousals during Day and Night in Preterm Infants

International audienceThe objective of this study was to compare the maturation of spontaneous arousals during day and night sleep in preterm and term infants. From the Autonomic Baby Evaluation study, the sleep and arousal characteristics of 12 preterm (35.1 ± 2.1 weeks' gestational age, GA) and 21 term (39.8 ± 0.8 weeks GA) newborns were compared between diurnal and nocturnal sleep periods at birth (M0) and 6 months (M6) of age. Models were adjusted for time (night/day), maturation (M0/M6), prematurity (yes/no). We found that preterm infants had less active sleep (AS)% than term infants with maturation during both day and night sleep, which may reflect accelerated brain maturation secondary to stress or environmental exposure after birth. Moreover, there was a difference in arousal maturation during day and night sleep in the preterm infants, as shown previously for term infants, which suggests the emergence of a circadian rhythm during the earliest postnatal period. We also showed that compared to term infants, these moderate preterm infants had fewer total arousals and, more specifically, fewer arousals in AS during day and night sleep, exposing them to a higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome

Sleep of Children with High Potentialities: A Polysomnographic Study

International audienceThe involvement of sleep in cognitive functioning is well known, but only a few studies have examined objective sleep parameters in children with high intellectual potential (HP). The main objective of this study was to compare sleep characteristics of 33 children with high intellectual potentialities (HP) (median 10 years old, 64% of boys) compared to 25 controls (median 11 years old, 64% of boys) and assess the difference between children with a homogeneous vs. a heterogeneous intelligence quotient (IQ) (i.e., a difference ≥15 points between verbal and non-verbal IQ). All children underwent a one-night polysomnography, an evaluation of intellectual quotient (IQ) and filled standardized questionnaires. Using non-parametric tests to compare groups' characteristics, we found that children with HP had more heterogeneous IQ, more rapid eyes movement (REM) sleep and tended to have less stage 1 sleep than controls. They also had more insomnia and sleep complaints. The high amount of REM sleep in children with HP could be advantageous for learning and could partially explain their gift. This study highlights the necessity of investigating sleep disorders in children with HP during clinical routine and reinforces the hypothesis of the involvement of nocturnal sleep, and especially REM sleep, in daytime cognition and behavior

Interest of the BLAST paradigm and salivary markers for the evaluation of sleepiness in drivers

International audienceObjectives: Sleepiness is associated with decreased cognitive abilities and remains one of the main causes of fatal road accidents. The tools currently available to assess sleepiness, such as questionnaires, are subject to intra- and inter-individual variability, while multiple sleep latency tests are only feasible in few sleep laboratories. The main objective of this study was to explore new potential markers (neurocognitive, biological) to objectively assess sleepiness in drivers. Methods: A total of 186 drivers (median age 44 years, range 20–74 years, 73% men, 14% obese) were included during a break at a highway service area, in the morning, while on the road for vacation. Questionnaires on sleepiness and sleep characteristics (habitual and on the night before travel), the Bron-Lyon Attention Stability Test (BLAST), and two salivary samples (α-amylase and oxalate) were collected. Associations between measures of sleepiness [Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS)], sleep characteristics, neurocognitive, and biological markers were tested using regression models adjusted for confounding factors. Results: The night before travel, 83% of the drivers reduced their sleep time and 30% slept 5 h or less. The higher the number of miles to be traveled, the higher the decrease, and the shorter the sleep time. The night before travel, 18 and 24% of the drivers complained of poor sleep quality and difficulty falling asleep. The sleep characteristics on the night before travel were associated with the habitual sleep characteristics. At the time of the test, 47% of the drivers scored pathologically on the SSS. Poor sleep quality and difficulty falling asleep the night before travel were associated with increased sleepiness as assessed by the SSS and decreased attentional ability as assessed by the BLAST. No association between salivary markers and acute sleepiness was observed. Conclusions: The sleep characteristics of the night before travel were associated with sleepiness and attentional performance. The SSS and the BLAST could be used by individual drivers in a self-evaluation context. Biological markers showed a high variability and limited association with sleep parameters across subjects, emphasizing the need for within-subject designs to assess their usefulness

Early polysomnographic characteristics associated with neurocognitive development at 36 months of age

International audienceBackground. Few studies on the relationship between sleep quantity and/or quality and cognition have been conducted among preschoolers from the healthy general population. We aimed at identifying, among 3-year-old children, early polysomnography (PSG) sleep factors associated with intelligence quotient (IQ) estimated using the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale Intelligence-III test (WPPSI-III) and its indicators: full-scale (FISQ), verbal (VIQ), and performance (PIQ) intelligence quotients. Methods. We included full-term children from the French birth-cohort AuBE with both PSG recording at term (M0) or 6 months (M6) and available WPPSI-III scores at 3 years. Sleep and arousal characteristics of these infants were evaluated during day and night sleep periods. Relationships between IQ scores and sleep parameters were estimated using models with child as repeated effect adjusted for time (night/day), maturation (M0/M6), tobacco exposure (yes/no), anxiety depressive scores during pregnancy, maternal age, duration of breastfeeding and child gender.Results. A total of 118 PSG recordings were included, representing a total 78 unique children (38 with one PSG and 40 with 2 PSG). No correlations were found between night and day sleep durations at M0 or M6. Mean VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ scores were within normal ranges. In multivariate models, longer sleep duration, higher sleep efficiency during day were negatively associated with all IQ scores. More frequent arousals during night were associated with lower VIQ scores. Conclusion. Early sleep characteristics such as night sleep fragmentation or longer naps could be associated with impaired cognitive function at 3 years of age

Impaired histaminergic neurotransmission in children with narcolepsy type 1

International audienceOBJECTIVE:Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized in humans by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. Greater than fifty percent of narcoleptic patients have an onset of symptoms prior to the age of 18. Current general agreement considers the loss of hypothalamic hypocretin (orexin) neurons as the direct cause of narcolepsy notably cataplexy. To assess whether brain histamine (HA) is also involved, we quantified the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of HA and tele-methylhistamine (t-MeHA), the direct metabolite of HA between children with orexin-deficient narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and controls.METHODS:We included 24 children with NT1 (12.3 ± 3.6 years, 11 boys, 83% cataplexy, 100% HLA DQB1*06:02) and 21 control children (11.2 ± 4.2 years, 10 boys). CSF HA and t-MeHA were measured in all subjects using a highly sensitive liquid chromatographic-electrospray/tandem mass spectrometric assay. CSF hypocretin-1 values were determined in the narcoleptic patients.RESULTS:Compared with the controls, NT1 children had higher CSF HA levels (771 vs 234 pmol/L, P < 0.001), lower t-MeHA levels (879 vs 1924 pmol/L, P < 0.001), and lower t-MeHA/HA ratios (1.1 vs 8.2, P < 0.001). NT1 patients had higher BMI z-scores (2.7 ± 1.6 vs 1.0 ± 2.3, P = 0.006) and were more often obese (58% vs 29%, P = 0.05) than the controls. Multivariable analyses including age, gender, and BMI z-score showed a significant decrease in CSF HA levels when the BMI z-score increased in patients (P = 0.007) but not in the controls. No association was found between CSF HA, t-MeHA, disease duration, age at disease onset, the presence of cataplexy, lumbar puncture timing, and CSF hypocretin levels.CONCLUSIONS:Narcolepsy type 1 children had a higher CSF HA level together with a lower t-MeHA level leading to a significant decrease in the t-MeHA/HA ratios. These results suggest a decreased HA turnover and an impairment of histaminergic neurotransmission in narcoleptic children and support the use of a histaminergic therapy in the treatment against narcolepsy

Effects of insufficient sleep on pituitary-adrenocortical response to CRH stimulation in healthy men

Study Objectives: Severe sleep restriction results in elevated evening cortisol levels. We examined whether this relative hypercortisolism is associated with alterations in the pituitary-adrenocortical response to evening corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation. Methods: Eleven subjects participated in 2 sessions (2 nights of 10 hours vs. 4 hours in bed) in randomized order. Sleep was polygraphically recorded. After the second night of each session, blood was sampled at 20-minute intervals from 09:00 to 24:00 for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol measurements, and perceived stress was assessed hourly. Ovine CRH was injected at 18:00 (1 μg/kg body weight). Results: Prior to CRH injection, baseline ACTH, but not cortisol, levels were elevated after sleep restriction. Relative to the well-rested condition, sleep restriction resulted in a 27% decrease in overall ACTH response to CRH (estimated by the incremental area under the curve from 18:00 to 24:00; p = .002) while the cortisol response was decreased by 21% (p = .083). Further, the magnitude of these decreases was correlated with the individual amount of sleep loss (ACTH: rSp = -0.65, p = .032; cortisol: rSp = -0.71, p = .015). The acute post-CRH increment of cortisol was reduced (p = .002) without changes in ACTH reactivity, suggesting decreased adrenal sensitivity. The rate of decline from peak post-injection levels was reduced for cortisol (p = .032), but not for ACTH. Scores of perceived stress were unaffected by CRH injection and were low and similar under both sleep conditions. Conclusions: Sleep restriction is associated with a reduction of the overall ACTH and cortisol responses to evening CRH stimulation, and a reduced reactivity and slower recovery of the cortisol response.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe