The measurement of hexanal production by myoglobin-induced lipid peroxidation using headspace analysis and a cryofocusing inlet system with a gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer

Instrumentation was developed to monitor the volatile products oflipid peroxidation in near-realtime. This was accomplished using a miniature incubator with a cryofocusing inlet and gas chromatography with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The headspace above myoglobininduced lipid peroxidation of arachadonic acid in phosphatidyl choline was sampled in order to quantitate hexanal, a known marker of lipid peroxidation. With an analysis time of less than four minutes, the rapid preconcentration of volatile products allowed for low detection limits in a short length of time. Reactions were sampled repetitively, allowing near-real-time monitoring of the reaction. When phospholipid samples contained no basal levels of hexanal, the production of hexanal was linear for approximately 40 minutes, and reached concentrations of approximately 1.5 ppm. For phospholipids samples which did contain basal levels of hexanal, the production was linear for approximately 25 minutes, and reached concentrations of around 5 ppm. The presence or absence of hexanal in the lipid sample prior to the addition of myoglobin was therefore essential in determining the linearity, initial rate, and extent of hexanal production during the reaction

SEASONAL OLIGOPOLY POWER IN THE D'ANJOU PEAR INDUSTRY

We estimate seasonal oligopoly power at a disaggregated variety level in the D'Anjou pear market. Our data spans 1993 to 2000, during which time imported pears became more prevalent in the U.S. market. The range of monthly industry-conduct-parameter magnitudes is 0.034 to 0.195 and is most pronounced when the fresh D'Anjou pear crop first becomes available in the earliest months of the marketing year. Possible reasons for timing of oligopoly power relate to the growth of imported pears during the latter portion of marketing year. In addition, oligopoly power may diminish during the marketing year as pears in storage decline in quality.Crop Production/Industries,

Student level II fieldwork failure: strategies for intervention.

OBJECTIVE: This report describes how common student communicative and behavioral characteristics that appear to predict the existence of potential problems during Level II fieldwork were identified in order to develop and implement preventative interventions during the academic curriculum at New York University (NYU). RECORD REVIEW: A record review of NYU professional-level occupational therapy students from 1986 to 1995 was completed to identify common factors among students who performed well academically but failed clinical fieldwork. Eight communicative and behavioral characteristics were identified: (a) rigidity of thinking, (b) discomfort with the ambiguity that accompanies clinical reasoning, (c) lack of psychological insight, (d) difficulty interpreting feedback, (e) externalization of responsibility, (f) difficulty learning from mistakes, (g) discomfort with the physical handling of patients, and (h) dependence on external measures for self-esteem. INTERVENTION: On the basis of the identified characteristics, five intervention strategies were adopted: (a) academic seminars that address professional behavior and interpersonal skills, (b) faculty feedback to students regarding problematic behaviors, (c) clinician and senior student counseling with identified students, (d) student remediation programs consisting of community service, and (e) student learning contracts based on specific behavioral objectives. These strategies were administered before Level II fieldwork to 10 students in the 1996 class who exhibited the characteristics indicative of potential fieldwork failure. OUTCOME: Of the 10 students in the 1996 class, 7 passed fieldwork without further difficulty, two failed fieldwork midterm assessments but went on to achieve passing final evaluations, and one failed the final fieldwork assessment but passed an additional third fieldwork experience. The class of 1996, which was the first to receive formal intervention designed to decrease fieldwork failure, demonstrated lower fieldwork failure rates than did all other classes in the past 10 years

Libéralisation, entreprises transnationales et formes d`insertion internationale. Le cas des filières soja et blé en Argentine

Cet article analyse les impacts en Argentine de la libéralisation des marchés agroindustriels des filières blé et soja et ses conséquences macroéconomiques du point de vue de la balance de payements et de la reproduction de la main-d`oeuvre. Le poids de la filière soja dans exportations et sa concurrence avec d`autres cultures provoque des tensions sur les formes d`insertion internationale du système agroalimentaire. La filière blé constitue une des déterminants fondamentaux des biens-salaires, mais ses formes de gouvernance bloquent les opportunités de différentiation verticale orientée vers la qualitéThis paper analyzes the impact in Argentina of the liberalization of agro-food markets in the cases of soya and wheat complexes, which have important macroeconomic effects on the balance of payment and on salary goods. The high contribution of soya to total exports and the rapid diffusion of this crop in Argentinean production have brought about tensions regarding the specialization pattern of the country. Wheat products are among the main salary goods; the governance of the complex prevents the opportunities for quality differentiation of the grain.Fil: Lavarello, Pablo Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Gutman, Graciela Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Rios, Paula Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentin

Libéralisation, entreprises transnationales et formes d`insertion internationale:le cas des filières soja et blé en Argentine

Cet article analyse les impacts en Argentine de la libéralisation des marchés agroindustriels des filières blé et soja et ses conséquences macroéconomiques du point de vue de la balance de payements et de la reproduction de la main-d`oeuvre. Le poids de la filière soja dans exportations et sa concurrence avec d`autres cultures provoque des tensions sur les formes d`insertion internationale du système agroalimentaire. La filière blé constitue une des déterminants fondamentaux des biens-salaires, mais ses formes de gouvernance bloquent les opportunités de différentiation verticale orientée vers la qualitéThis paper analyzes the impact in Argentina of the liberalization of agro-food markets in the cases of soya and wheat complexes, which have important macroeconomic effects on the balance of payment and on salary goods. The high contribution of soya to total exports and the rapid diffusion of this crop in Argentinean production have brought about tensions regarding the specialization pattern of the country. Wheat products are among the main salary goods; the governance of the complex prevents the opportunities for quality differentiation of the grain.Facultad de Ciencias Económica

The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

ADR Zealots, Adjudicative Romantics and Everything in Between: Lawyers in Mediations

This article is concerned with the role and behaviour of lawyers who represent clients in mediations. The lawyer's contribution has the potential to either enhance or detract from the mediation process. In particular, we focus upon the tension between the training of lawyers and the philosophy and practice of alternative dispute resolution ('ADR')

Throwing Babies out with the Bathwater? - Adversarialism, ADR and the Way Forward

Negative comments about the workings of the adversarial system have resonated from the judiciary, government agencies, lawyers and other stakeholders. In response to such criticisms, there has been an increasing emphasis upon non-adversarial approaches to justice and alternative dispute resolution (ADR). This is a development that should be welcomed. Proponents hold that these 'new' approaches to legal disputes will enhance justice in many areas and reduce negative factors such as the cost, time investment, delays, stress and disempowerment often experienced by those involved in the litigation process. At the same time, we take up the Hon Michael Kirby's point that for ADR to assume all the functions of the court would be to 'throw the baby out with the bathwater'; but it would also be counterproductive for ADR to too closely assume judicial procedures. We agree that the relationship between the two processes needs to be 'correct and evolving' and the success of both hinges largely on the integrity and expertise of the personnel involved and their understanding of conduct appropriate to each process. In this article, we consider the ways in which the borders between adversarial and ADR processes may blur; and the ways in which a lack of understanding of appropriate conduct by participants who are representing parties in mediation may detrimentally impact both processes