Women and irregular mobility flows in the European Ultraperiphery: the example of the Canary Islands

During the last fifty years, the Canary Islands have experienced a radical change in terms of foreign mobility flows. On the strength of the tourist boom that took place during the 1960s and 70s, the Islands changed their traditional emigratory role into an immigratory one. Over the last few years, these migration flows have reached their peak with over 61,000 new foreign residents registered. This development has led to this Ultraperipheral Region having the second highest rate of resident foreigners in Spain. This latest migratory stage has been characterized by the large number of irregular immigrants who have arrived from underdeveloped countries such as Morocco, Colombia and Mauritania. Doubtlessly linked to this process, there has been a notable increase in the female population living in the Canary Islands. These female immigrants are replacing native women in unskilled and badly paid jobs. Given this situation, a gender study may contribute to the development of a plural, multi-ethnic and intercultural way of living that will neutralize the dangers of discrimination and racism in the Canary Islands.Au cours des cinquante dernières années, les Îles Canaries ont subi un changement radical en termes de flux de mobilité des étrangers. En vertu du boom touristique des années 60 et 70, le rôle émigratoire de l’archipel est devenu immigratoire. Ces flux de migration ont atteint leur maximum ces dernières années, avec plus de 61 000 nouveaux résidents étrangers recensés. Une telle conjoncture a conféré à cette région ultrapériphérique le deuxième taux le plus haut d’étrangers résidant en Espagne. La dernière étape migratoire a été caractérisée par le grand nombre d’immigrants irréguliers qui sont arrivés des pays sous-développés comme le Maroc, la Colombie et la Mauritanie. Ce processus explique l’augmentation notable de la population féminine vivant aux Canaries: ces immigrantes remplacent des femmes natives de l’endroit dans des emplois non qualifiés et mal payés. Vu la situation, nous pensons qu’une étude de genre pourrait contribuer au développement d’un mode de vie pluriel, multi-ethnique et interculturel qui neutraliserait les dangers de discrimination et de racisme dans les Îles Canaries

Djelatnosti u kućanstvima i tržište rada u Španjolskoj: iz perspektive roda o migraciji

Many Spanish women manage to cope with the demands of both job and family by hiring immigrant women to do some housework and look after dependant relatives. In the last few years there has been an important increase in the demand for extra-communitarian workers to carry out this kind of task. These workers have been segregated by sex regarding occupation. In the procedure of regularisation of foreign workers that took place in Spain during 2005, 83.4 percent of the applications for jobs in the area of domestic service were submitted by women (around 220,000), with an absolute predominance of immigrants from Latin America. Among the factors that explain this specialization we may find cultural affinity and the flexibility that characterizes this kind of job. This phenomenon reveals an occupational ethno-stratification on the grounds of gender and origin.Mnoge Španjolke izlaze na kraj sa zahtjevima posla i obitelji unajmljivanjem imigrantica za obavljanje nekih kućanskih poslova i skrb o ovisnim obiteljskim članovima. Posljednjih je nekoliko godina za obavljanje takve vrste poslova značajno porasla potražnja za radnicima iz zemalja koje nisu članice Europske unije. Ti su radnici segregirani prema spolu s obzirom na posao koji obavljaju. U postupku reguliranja stranih radnika u Španjolskoj tijekom 2005. godine, 83,4% onih koji su se prijavili za obavljanje kućanskih poslova bile su žene (oko 220.000), među kojima su potpuno prevladavale imigrantice iz Latinske Amerike. Kulturni afinitet i prilagodljivost koja je karakteristična za tu vrstu posla činioci su koji objašnjavaju tu specijalizaciju, odnosno profesionalnu etnostratifikaciju na temelju roda i podrijetla

Djelatnosti u kućanstvima i tržište rada u Španjolskoj: iz perspektive roda o migraciji

Many Spanish women manage to cope with the demands of both job and family by hiring immigrant women to do some housework and look after dependant relatives. In the last few years there has been an important increase in the demand for extra-communitarian workers to carry out this kind of task. These workers have been segregated by sex regarding occupation. In the procedure of regularisation of foreign workers that took place in Spain during 2005, 83.4 percent of the applications for jobs in the area of domestic service were submitted by women (around 220,000), with an absolute predominance of immigrants from Latin America. Among the factors that explain this specialization we may find cultural affinity and the flexibility that characterizes this kind of job. This phenomenon reveals an occupational ethno-stratification on the grounds of gender and origin.Mnoge Španjolke izlaze na kraj sa zahtjevima posla i obitelji unajmljivanjem imigrantica za obavljanje nekih kućanskih poslova i skrb o ovisnim obiteljskim članovima. Posljednjih je nekoliko godina za obavljanje takve vrste poslova značajno porasla potražnja za radnicima iz zemalja koje nisu članice Europske unije. Ti su radnici segregirani prema spolu s obzirom na posao koji obavljaju. U postupku reguliranja stranih radnika u Španjolskoj tijekom 2005. godine, 83,4% onih koji su se prijavili za obavljanje kućanskih poslova bile su žene (oko 220.000), među kojima su potpuno prevladavale imigrantice iz Latinske Amerike. Kulturni afinitet i prilagodljivost koja je karakteristična za tu vrstu posla činioci su koji objašnjavaju tu specijalizaciju, odnosno profesionalnu etnostratifikaciju na temelju roda i podrijetla

Factores asociados al fenotipo delgado metabólicamente obeso en pobladores peruanos

Introducción: Los pacientes con el fenotipo delgado metabólicamente obeso (DMO) pueden presentar el mismo riesgo que los obesos clásicos para desarrollar enfermedades crónicas a largo plazo. No obstante, la prevalencia y los factores que se encuentran asociados este varía de acuerdo con la población estudiada. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia y los factores se encuentran asociados al fenotipo DMO en el Perú. Métodos: Estudio analítico de corte transversal. Análisis secundario de la base de datos del estudio PERU MIGRANT. Los factores asociados que se consideraron fueron: edad (30-44 años, de 45-59 años, y 60 a más años), sexo, estado socioeconómico, nivel de educación, migración, tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol y nivel actividad física. Resultados: La prevalencia del fenotipo DMO fue de 32,23% (IC95% 27,61-37,10). En el análisis multivariable, el sexo masculino mostró 39% menor probabilidad de presentar el fenotipo DMO (PRa: 0,610; IC95% 0,428-0,869; p=0,006), en comparación con el sexo femenino. Mientras que, pertenecer a los grupos de edad entre 45-59 años y de 60 años a más presentó 110,5% (PRa: 2,105; IC95% 1,484-2,988; p<0,001) y 97,6% (PRa: 1,976; IC95% 1,270-3,075; p=0,003), respectivamente, mayor probabilidad de presentar DMO, en comparación con el grupo de 29-44 años. Conclusiones: El pertenecer al sexo femenino y a los grupos de edad de 45 a 59 y 60 años a más, aumentaron la probabilidad de presentar el fenotipo DMO. Se recomienda la realización de futuros estudios con prospectivos y con un tamaño de muestra mayor para confirmar dichos hallazgos, así como la inclusión de nuevas variables

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

La movilidad de los jóvenes españoles ante la crisis. Características y diferencias entre los espacios geográficos insular y peninsular: Canarias y Comunidad Valenciana

En el marco de las Ciencias Sociales en general, y de la Geografía en particular, los estudios acerca de la movilidad humana siempre han sido de especial interés y seguimiento, más allá incluso del ámbito científico. Las repercusiones socioeconómicas y políticas de este fenómeno hacen que las investigaciones referentes al mismo traspasen el ámbito académico y sean fuente de noticias dirigidas a la opinión pública. Desde 2008, la crisis económica ha tenido un fuerte impacto en los movimientos migratorios. Uno de los que más interés ha suscitado en España ha sido el relacionado con la emigración de los jóvenes al extranjero, tanto de los españoles como de los inmigrantes llegados en una etapa de bonanza económica en el cambio de siglo. Estos jóvenes vieron sus sueños de progreso truncados y, en consecuencia, han buscado una salida al otro lado de la frontera

Domestic Service and the Labour Market in Spain: A Gender Perspective on Migration

Many Spanish women manage to cope with the demands of both job and family by hiring immigrant women to do some housework and look after dependant relatives. In the last few years there has been an important increase in the demand for extra-communitarian workers to carry out this kind of task. These workers have been segregated by sex regarding occupation. In the procedure of regularisation of foreign workers that took place in Spain during 2005, 83.4 percent of the applications for jobs in the area of domestic service were submitted by women (around 220,000), with an absolute predominance of immigrants from Latin America. Among the factors that explain this specialization we may find cultural affinity and the flexibility that characterizes this kind of job. This phenomenon reveals an occupational ethno-stratification on the grounds of gender and origin

El origen geográfico de los inmigrados marroquíes en Canarias. Migraciones exteriores y factores de repulsión

El análisis del origen geográfico de los marroquíes residentes en Canarias revela nuevas pautas migratorias. El flujo de mayor importancia proviene del sur de Marruecos y del Sahara. Predomina la población que ha nacido en entidades rurales y que ha realizado un proceso migratorio en el interior del país antes de trasladarse al extranjero y, por último, los desplazamientos más importantes tienen que ver con el eje costero suratlántico claramente vinculado con el Archipiélago a través de las relaciones comerciales y del tráfico marítimo, definido por los enclaves de Agadir, Tan-Tan, Laayoune y, hacia el interior, Guelmim.By the analysis of the geographical origin of Moroccan people living in the Canary Islands, new migratory patterns are revealed. The most important flows come from the southern Morocco and the Sahara region. The prevailing population among these flows has been born in rural entities and has carry out a migratory process inside the country before moving abroad. Finally, the most significant movements are related to the southatlantic coastal axis bound to the Archipelago by means of the commercial relationships and the maritime traffic, defined by the enclaves of Agadir, Tan-Tan, Laayoune and Guelmim on the inside