82 research outputs found
The Stipulation of Extraprosodicity in Syllabic Phonology
Though the role of extraprosodicity has been thoroughly integrated into metrical theory, it has played a decidedly less pervasive part among the rules of syllabic phonology. Under ItĂŽ's(1986,1989) 'codafilter' account of syllable formation in certain types of languages, however, extraprosodicity of a word-final consonant is crucial both for maintaining the generalization that consonants in clusters must be homorganic and, when they are not, for determining the site of epenthesis. But in lieu of the coda filter and its extraprosodicity requirement, syllabification can be subject to a well-formedness condition which rules against consonant clusters in which each member is specified for Place, with epenthesis then applying precisely where it does because that is the only site which serves to remove violations. In further view of CV phonology's prediction of melodically empty skeletal representation and certain general principles of syllabic licensing, it is concluded that the role of stipulated segmental extraprosodicity is properly restricted to the metrical component of phonological theory
Zur historischen Phonetik und Phonologie des Umlauts im Deutschen
Seit mehr als 60 Jahren dominiert in der historisch-phonologischen Umlaut-Landschaft EIN Aufsatz, eine vierseitige Skizze des althochdeutschen Umlauts von W. Freeman Twaddell. Keller (1978: 160) nennt diese Theorie 'one of the finest achievements of American linguists'. Ăhnliche LobsprĂŒche findet man mehrmals in der Literatur und der Artikel bleibt bis heute noch DER Eckpfeiler der Umlaut-Debatte (s. Krygier 1997, Schulte 1998).
In den letzten paar Jahren haben wir mit einigen Kollegen â Anthony Buccini, Garry Davis, David Fertig, Dave Holsinger, Robert Howell, Regina Smith â einen neuen Ansatz entwickelt, die wir "ingenerate Umlaut" nennen. "Ingenerate" heiĂt hier ungefĂ€hr 'vorprogrammiert, inhĂ€rent, angeboren' und deutet darauf hin, daĂ wir die Wurzeln vom Umlaut in der Phonetik â noch genauer: in der Koartikulation â suchen. Auch meinen wir, die allmĂ€hliche Entfaltung des Prozesses in den "Ausnahmen" zum Umlaut sehen zu können, mit anderen Worten genau in den umlautlosen Formen, die in der Twaddellschen Tradition als willkĂŒrliche Ergebnisse der Analogie gesehen werden mĂŒssen
Korean Phonology in the Late Twentieth Century
Research in Korean phonology has been unusually productive,
both within the structuralist tradition and in the generative
framework. On the structural side, Martin's phonemics and
morphophonemics laid structural groundwork for later generative
studies while instrumental works provided a valuable phonetic
grounding for phonological analyses to come. Earlier generative
studies were mainly concerned with such issues as features,
segments and rules, following the program developed in the Sound
Pattern of English. The late 1970's saw the emergence of
Autosegmental Theory. Many traditional analyses were revisited
and given new interpretations. Recent works on consonantal
phonology also attempt to move beyond description and toward
explanation by maXlITllzmg representational apparatus and
minimizing language-specific rules. The development of Lexical
Phonology and Prosodic Hierarchy Theory in the 1980's was
triggered by an interest in rule domains and in the interface
between phonology and morphology/syntax. Many studies contributed
to the prosodic characterization of morphological categories and the
formal representation of domains. Most recently, Optimality Theory
promises to solve some of the thorny issues of Korean phonology
such as the n- tP alternation, Consonant Cluster Simplification and
Glide Formation, Palatalization, Umlaut, Tensification and Korean
phrasing
Electroactive biofilms: new means for electrochemistry
This work demonstrates that electrochemical reactions can be catalysed by the natural biofilms that form on
electrode surfaces dipping into drinking water or compost. In drinking water, oxygen reduction was monitored with
stainless steel ultra-microelectrodes under constant potential electrolysis at )0.30 V/SCE for 13 days. 16 independent experiments were conducted in drinking water, either pure or with the addition of acetate or dextrose. In
most cases, the current increased and reached 1.5â9.5 times the initial current. The current increase was attributed to
biofilm forming on the electrode in a similar way to that has been observed in seawater. Epifluorescence microscopy
showed that the bacteria size and the biofilm morphology depended on the nutrients added, but no quantitative
correlation between biofilm morphology and current was established. In compost, the oxidation process was
investigated using a titanium based electrode under constant polarisation in the range 0.10â0.70 V/SCE. It was
demonstrated that the indigenous micro-organisms were responsible for the current increase observed after a few
days, up to 60 mA m)2. Adding 10 mM acetate to the compost amplified the current density to 145 mA m)2 at 0.50 V/SCE. The study suggests that many natural environments, other than marine sediments, waste waters and
seawaters that have been predominantly investigated until now, may be able to produce electrochemically active
biofilm
Recommended from our members
The WWRP Polar Prediction Project (PPP)
Mission statement: âPromote cooperative international research enabling development of improved weather and environmental prediction services for the polar regions, on time scales from hours to seasonalâ. Increased economic, transportation and research activities in polar regions are leading to more demands for sustained and improved availability of predictive weather and climate information to support decision-making. However, partly as a result of a strong emphasis of previous international efforts on lower and middle latitudes, many gaps in weather, sub-seasonal and seasonal forecasting in polar regions hamper reliable decision making in the Arctic, Antarctic and possibly the middle latitudes as well.
In order to advance polar prediction capabilities, the WWRP Polar Prediction Project (PPP) has been established as one of three THORPEX (THe Observing System Research and Predictability EXperiment) legacy activities. The aim of PPP, a ten year endeavour (2013-2022), is to promote cooperative international research enabling development of improved weather and environmental prediction services for the polar regions, on hourly to seasonal time scales. In order to achieve its goals, PPP will enhance international and interdisciplinary collaboration through the development of strong linkages with related initiatives; strengthen linkages between academia, research institutions and operational forecasting centres; promote interactions and communication between research and stakeholders; and foster education and outreach.
Flagship research activities of PPP include sea ice prediction, polar-lower latitude linkages and the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) - an intensive observational, coupled modelling, service-oriented research and educational effort in the period mid-2017 to mid-2019
Principles and Practices Fostering Inclusive Excellence: Lessons from the Howard Hughes Medical Instituteâs Capstone Institutions
Best-practices pedagogy in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) aims for inclusive excellence that fosters student persistence. This paper describes principles of inclusivity across 11 primarily undergraduate institutions designated as Capstone Awardees in Howard Hughes Medical Instituteâs (HHMI) 2012 competition. The Capstones represent a range of institutional missions, student profiles, and geographical locations. Each successfully directed activities toward persistence of STEM students, especially those from traditionally underrepresented groups, through a set of common elements: mentoring programs to build community; research experiences to strengthen scientific skill/ identity; attention to quantitative skills; and outreach/bridge programs to broaden the student pool. This paper grounds these program elements in learning theory, emphasizing their essential principles with examples of how they were implemented within institutional contexts. We also describe common assessment approaches that in many cases informed programming and created traction for stakeholder buy-in. The lessons learned from our shared experiences in pursuit of inclusive excellence, including the resources housed on our companion website, can inform othersâ efforts to increase access to and persistence in STEM in higher education
The developmental trajectory of attentional orienting to socio-biological cues.
It has been proposed that the orienting of attention in the same direction as anotherâs point of gaze relies on innate brain mechanisms which are present from birth, but direct evidence relating to the influence of eye gaze cues on attentional orienting in young children is limited. In two experiments, 137 children aged 3â10 years old performed an adapted pro-saccade task with centrally presented uninformative eye gaze, finger pointing and arrow pre-cues which were either congruent or incongruent with the direction of target presentations. When the central cue overlapped with presentation of the peripheral target (Experiment 1), children up to 5 years old had difficulty disengaging fixation from central fixation in order to saccade to the target. This effect was found to be particularly marked for eye gaze cues. When central cues were extinguished simultaneously with peripheral target onset (Experiment 2), this effect was greatly reduced. In both experiments finger pointing cues (image of pointing index finger presented at fixation) exerted a strong influence on saccade reaction time to the peripheral stimulus for the youngest group of children (<5 years). Overall the results suggest that although young children are strongly engaged by centrally presented eye gaze cues, the directional influence of such cues on overt attentional orienting is only present in older children, meaning that the effect is unlikely to be dependent upon an innate brain module. Instead, the results are consistent with the existence of stimulusâresponse associations which develop with age and environmental experience
Mapping of the Disease Locus and Identification of ADAMTS10 As a Candidate Gene in a Canine Model of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, with elevated intraocular pressure as an important risk factor. Increased resistance to outflow of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork causes elevated intraocular pressure, but the specific mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we used genome-wide SNP arrays to map the disease gene in a colony of Beagle dogs with inherited POAG to within a single 4 Mb locus on canine chromosome 20. The Beagle POAG locus is syntenic to a previously mapped human quantitative trait locus for intraocular pressure on human chromosome 19. Sequence capture and next-generation sequencing of the entire canine POAG locus revealed a total of 2,692 SNPs segregating with disease. Of the disease-segregating SNPs, 54 were within exons, 8 of which result in amino acid substitutions. The strongest candidate variant causes a glycine to arginine substitution in a highly conserved region of the metalloproteinase ADAMTS10. Western blotting revealed ADAMTS10 protein is preferentially expressed in the trabecular meshwork, supporting an effect of the variant specific to aqueous humor outflow. The Gly661Arg variant in ADAMTS10 found in the POAG Beagles suggests that altered processing of extracellular matrix and/or defects in microfibril structure or function may be involved in raising intraocular pressure, offering specific biochemical targets for future research and treatment strategies
A gestural repertoire of 1-2year old human children : in search of the ape gestures
This project was made possible with the generous financial help of the Baverstock Bequest to the Psychology and Neuroscience Department at the University of St Andrews.When we compare human gestures to those of other apes, it looks at first like there is nothing much to compare at all. In adult humans, gestures are thought to be a window into the thought processes accompanying language, and sign languages are equal to spoken language with all of its features. While some research firmly emphasises the difference between human gestures and those of other apes, the question about whether there are any commonalities has rarely been investigated, and is mostly confined to pointing gestures. The gestural repertoires of nonhuman ape species have been carefully studied and described with regard to their form and function â but similar approaches are much rarer in the study of human gestures. This paper applies the methodology commonly used in the study of nonhuman ape gestures to the gestural communication of human children in their second year of life. We recorded (n=13) childrenâs gestures in a natural setting with peers and caregivers in Germany and Uganda. Children employed 52 distinct gestures, 46 (89%) of which are present in the chimpanzee repertoire. Like chimpanzees, they used them both singly, and in sequences; and employed individual gestures flexibly towards different goals.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences
The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & NemĂ©sio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; NemĂ©sio 2009aâb; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported
by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on
18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based
researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016
- âŠ