Innovación de marketing para el sector agrícola en Colombia.

El propósito de este articulo es una revisión bibliografia de la innovación en el marketing para el sector agricola. El sector agricola colombiano adolece de claras estrategias de mercados para sus procesos de comercialización , esta falencias afectan a los agricultores generando baja competitividad mundial en la producción de alimentos. Se destaca la importancia de la innovación no técnologica en especial el marketing como elemento esencial en el sector agricola; la orientación de mercados es clave para establecer unas claras ventajas competitivas, asi como tambien el uso de la técnologias para el manejo de la información. La utilización de redes colaborativas como involucrar al consumidor en los procesos de comercialización son decisivos para el aprovechamiento de las oportunidades que a un futuro cercano se presentara frente a los negocios de la alimentación mundial

Guía práctica para la denuncia del delito de contrabando con enfoque en el sector moda

La CCB pone a disposición de los empresarios del sector moda este documento que contiene una guía práctica para la denuncia del delito de contrabando, este documento contribuye a que los empresarios de este importante sector aprecien lo sencillo que puede resultar formular una denuncia y, sobre todo, de la posibilidad que tiene de hacerlo sin revelar su identidad

La gobernanza y su relación con la competitividad en una firma integrada a una cadena de suministro

Soportado en una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre gobernanza y Logística, el artículo destaca tendencias teóricas sobre la gerencia de una firma formuladas para organizar la producción de manera interna o externa, estimando reducir costos, tiempo y riesgos del proceso de producción. Se destaca el debate sobre “gobernanza-gobernabilidad”, “Cadena de Suministro”, “Logística de distribución” y “competitividad”. El artículo concluye sobre estrategias que pueden diseñarse desde la gobernanza de una firma que decide trabajar de manera colaborativa con otras en una CDS

Transcription of toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4 and 9, FoxP3 and Th17 cytokines in a susceptible experimental model of canine Leishmania infantum infection

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum is a chronic zoonotic systemic disease resulting from complex interactions between protozoa and the canine immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system and facilitate the early detection of many infections. However, the role of TLRs in CanL remains unknown and information describing TLR transcription during infection is extremely scarce. The aim of this research project was to investigate the impact of L. infantum infection on canine TLR transcription using a susceptible model. The objectives of this study were to evaluate transcription of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9 by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in skin, spleen, lymph node and liver in the presence or absence of experimental L. infantum infection in Beagle dogs. These findings were compared with clinical and serological data, parasite densities in infected tissues and transcription of IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3 in different tissues in non-infected dogs (n = 10), and at six months (n = 24) and 15 months (n = 7) post infection. Results revealed significant down regulation of transcription with disease progression in lymph node samples for TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3. In spleen samples, significant down regulation of transcription was seen in TLR4 and IL-22 when both infected groups were compared with controls. In liver samples, down regulation of transcription was evident with disease progression for IL-22. In the skin, upregulation was seen only for TLR9 and FoxP3 in the early stages of infection. Subtle changes or down regulation in TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and FoxP3 are indicative of the silent establishment of infection that Leishmania is renowned for. These observations provide new insights about TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and Foxp3 in the liver, spleen, lymph node and skin in CanL and highlight possible markers of disease susceptibility in this model

NADPH Phagocyte Oxidase Knockout Mice Control Trypanosoma cruzi Proliferation, but Develop Circulatory Collapse and Succumb to Infection

•NO is considered to be a key macrophage-derived cytotoxic effector during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. On the other hand, the microbicidal properties of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well recognized, but little importance has been attributed to them during in vivo infection with T. cruzi. In order to investigate the role of ROS in T. cruzi infection, mice deficient in NADPH phagocyte oxidase (gp91phox−/− or phox KO) were infected with Y strain of T. cruzi and the course of infection was followed. phox KO mice had similar parasitemia, similar tissue parasitism and similar levels of IFN-γ and TNF in serum and spleen cell culture supernatants, when compared to wild-type controls. However, all phox KO mice succumbed to infection between day 15 and 21 after inoculation with the parasite, while 60% of wild-type mice were alive 50 days after infection. Further investigation demonstrated increased serum levels of nitrite and nitrate (NOx) at day 15 of infection in phox KO animals, associated with a drop in blood pressure. Treatment with a NOS2 inhibitor corrected the blood pressure, implicating NOS2 in this phenomenon. We postulate that superoxide reacts with •NO in vivo, preventing blood pressure drops in wild type mice. Hence, whilst superoxide from phagocytes did not play a critical role in parasite control in the phox KO animals, its production would have an important protective effect against blood pressure decline during infection with T. cruzi

Risk factors associated with adverse fetal outcomes in pregnancies affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a secondary analysis of the WAPM study on COVID-19.

Objectives To evaluate the strength of association between maternal and pregnancy characteristics and the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with laboratory confirmed COVID-19. Methods Secondary analysis of a multinational, cohort study on all consecutive pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from February 1, 2020 to April 30, 2020 from 73 centers from 22 different countries. A confirmed case of COVID-19 was defined as a positive result on real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens. The primary outcome was a composite adverse fetal outcome, defined as the presence of either abortion (pregnancy loss before 22 weeks of gestations), stillbirth (intrauterine fetal death after 22 weeks of gestation), neonatal death (death of a live-born infant within the first 28 days of life), and perinatal death (either stillbirth or neonatal death). Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate parameters independently associated with the primary outcome. Logistic regression was reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 30.6+/-9.5 weeks, with 8.0% of women being diagnosed in the first, 22.2% in the second and 69.8% in the third trimester of pregnancy. There were six miscarriage (2.3%), six intrauterine device (IUD) (2.3) and 5 (2.0%) neonatal deaths, with an overall rate of perinatal death of 4.2% (11/265), thus resulting into 17 cases experiencing and 226 not experiencing composite adverse fetal outcome. Neither stillbirths nor neonatal deaths had congenital anomalies found at antenatal or postnatal evaluation. Furthermore, none of the cases experiencing IUD had signs of impending demise at arterial or venous Doppler. Neonatal deaths were all considered as prematurity-related adverse events. Of the 250 live-born neonates, one (0.4%) was found positive at RT-PCR pharyngeal swabs performed after delivery. The mother was tested positive during the third trimester of pregnancy. The newborn was asymptomatic and had negative RT-PCR test after 14 days of life. At logistic regression analysis, gestational age at diagnosis (OR: 0.85, 95% CI 0.8-0.9 per week increase; pPeer reviewe

Risk Factors Associated with Adverse Fetal Outcomes in Pregnancies Affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Secondary Analysis of the WAPM study on COVID-19

To evaluate the strength of association between maternal and pregnancy characteristics and the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with laboratory confirmed COVID-19. Secondary analysis of a multinational, cohort study on all consecutive pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from February 1, 2020 to April 30, 2020 from 73 centers from 22 different countries. A confirmed case of COVID-19 was defined as a positive result on real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens. The primary outcome was a composite adverse fetal outcome, defined as the presence of either abortion (pregnancy loss before 22 weeks of gestations), stillbirth (intrauterine fetal death after 22 weeks of gestation), neonatal death (death of a live-born infant within the first 28 days of life), and perinatal death (either stillbirth or neonatal death). Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate parameters independently associated with the primary outcome. Logistic regression was reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 30.6\ub19.5 weeks, with 8.0% of women being diagnosed in the first, 22.2% in the second and 69.8% in the third trimester of pregnancy. There were six miscarriage (2.3%), six intrauterine device (IUD) (2.3) and 5 (2.0%) neonatal deaths, with an overall rate of perinatal death of 4.2% (11/265), thus resulting into 17 cases experiencing and 226 not experiencing composite adverse fetal outcome. Neither stillbirths nor neonatal deaths had congenital anomalies found at antenatal or postnatal evaluation. Furthermore, none of the cases experiencing IUD had signs of impending demise at arterial or venous Doppler. Neonatal deaths were all considered as prematurity-related adverse events. Of the 250 live-born neonates, one (0.4%) was found positive at RT-PCR pharyngeal swabs performed after delivery. The mother was tested positive during the third trimester of pregnancy. The newborn was asymptomatic and had negative RT-PCR test after 14 days of life. At logistic regression analysis, gestational age at diagnosis (OR: 0.85, 95% CI 0.8-0.9 per week increase; p<0.001), birthweight (OR: 1.17, 95% CI 1.09-1.12.7 per 100 g decrease; p=0.012) and maternal ventilatory support, including either need for oxygen or CPAP (OR: 4.12, 95% CI 2.3-7.9; p=0.001) were independently associated with composite adverse fetal outcome. Early gestational age at infection, maternal ventilatory supports and low birthweight are the main determinants of adverse perinatal outcomes in fetuses with maternal COVID-19 infection. Conversely, the risk of vertical transmission seems negligible

Immune response of vaccinated bovine with synthetic peptide SBm7462 to the control of the Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887)

Bovinos entre três e quatro meses de idade, que receberam, por via subcutânea, três imunizações alternadas a cada 30 dias, do SBm7462 emulsionado em saponina, foram avaliados quanto ao desenvolvimento da resposta imune humoral e celular. Para isto foram realizados a identificação de isotipos IgG1 e IgG2 antígeno-específicos, determinação do perfil de linfócitos circulantes (CD4+, CD8+, CD21+ e WC1+) por citometria de fluxo e seguimento dos eventos microscópicos ocorridos em linfonodos através de técnicas diferenciais e de imunohistoquímica. A análise sorológica mostrou que o SBm7462 estimulou a produção de imunoglobulinas antígenoespecíficas, com predominância estatisticamente diferente do isótipo IgG1 sobre o isótipo IgG2 (p<0.05). Os estudos histológicos mostraram ativação da resposta imune a partir do sétimo dia após a primeira imunização e reatividade evidente de centros germinativos quinze dias após a primeira imunização. A hiperplasia dos cordões medulares foi mais evidente cinco dias após a segunda imunização. Os grupos de células apoptóticas foram detectados em todas as regiões dos linfonodos dos animais imunizados e em maior proporção em relação aos animais controle. O antígeno SBm7462 foi detectado em células SBm7462 positivas durante todo o experimento, e concomitantemente às alterações histológicas em órgãos linfóides. Quando foi determinada a composição fenotípica dos linfócitos de sangue periférico circulantes, observou-se um aumento progressivo de linfócitos CD21+ no decorrer do experimento. Não houve variação estatisticamente significativa no número total de linfócitos T, embora tenha sido observado um incremento de linfócitos TCD4+ e WC1+ cinco dias após a segunda imunização. Sobre esses achados, pode se considerar que o peptídeo sintético SBm7462 induz eficientemente uma resposta imune antígeno-específica que envolve mecanismos do sistema imune tanto celulares quanto humorais.Bovines of three and four month of old age received monthly and subcutaneously, three immunizations of synthetic peptide SBm7462 emulsified in saponin. The development both cellular and humoral immune response were evaluated. It s was achieved identifying the IgG1 and IgG2 antigen specific isotypes, determining of the profile of circulating lymphocytes (CD4+, CD8+, CD21+ and WC1+) by flow citometry and following of the microscopic events in lymphonodes using histology and immunochemistry techniques. Serologic analysis showed stimulation of the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin by SBm7462, with predominance of the IgG1 isotype over IgG2 isotype (p<0.05). The histology analysis revealed the activation of the response immune beginning at the seventh day after the first immunization and reactivity evident of germinal centers fifteen days after first immunization. Medullars cords hyperplasia was more evident five days after the second immunization. Clusters of apoptotics cells were detected in entire of the lymphonodes of immunized animals and were more abundant that in control animals. SBm7462antigen was detected in SBm7462 positive cells during whole experiment, and simultaneous to the histology alterations in lymphonodes. Evaluating phenotypic composition of the of peripheral blood lymphocytes, a progressive increase of CD21+ lymphocytes was detected. The variation in total number of T lymphocytes were not statistically significant, although an increment of TCD4+ and WC1+ lymphocytes was observed five days after second immunization. It s suggested that the SBm7462 synthetic peptide induces an antigen-specific immune response which involves mechanisms of the immune system cellular and humoral