Relación Brasil-Colombia: dinámicas transfronterizas, migratorias y de integración

Brazil-Colombia relationship started in the seventies of the twentieth century despite the consolidation of the border between the two countries in 1934, after the dispute over the city of Leticia, between Colombia and Peru. This context allows us to place a question: How is the development of the migration and the relationship between Brazil and Colombia? From a historical perspective of International Relations, Geography and Political Science and from a review of literature both migration and integration have had their own dynamics. However, from the early 2000s they tend to converge, even though the integration is limited to issues of security and military control of the border. In recent years, although the interactions between the two countries have increased, especially on issues such as migration, trade and common public policy, they are still limited due to poor knowledge of society, tensions generated by foreign countries and the fact that Brazil and Colombia belong to different economic blocs: CAN and MERCOSUR.La relación Brasil-Colombia data de la década del setenta del siglo XX pese a que la consolidación de la frontera entre ambos países sucediera en 1934, posterior a la disputa por la ciudad de Leticia entre Colombia y Perú. Este contexto nos permite situar la pregunta por ¿cómo se ha desarrollado la migración y la integración en la frontera Brasil-Colombia? Indicando, desde una perspectiva histórica de las Relaciones Internacionales, la Geografía y la Ciencia Política y, a partir de una revisión de literatura, que tanto la migración como la integración, han tenido sus propias dinámicas, aunque, hacia la década del 2000 éstas tienden a converger; así mismo, la integración se limita a temas de seguridad y control militar de la frontera. En los últimos años, aunque las interacciones entre ambos países han aumentado en temas migratorios, comerciales y en políticas públicas comunes, éstas aún son limitadas debido al poco conocimiento de la sociedad, las tensiones generadas por países externos y la pertenencia a dos bloques económicos poco dialogantes: la CAN y el MERCOSUR

Evaluación del triflumurón y la mezcla de Bacillus thuringiensis más Bacillus sphaericus para el control de las formas inmaduras de Aedes aegypti y Culex quinquefasciatus en sumideros en Cali, Colombia

Introduction. In Cali, Colombia, catch basins (streetside storm drains) are one of the main larval habitats of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Since 1999, these mosquitoes have been controlled by the Secretaría de Salud Municipal (Secretary of Municipal Public Health) using the larvicide triflumuron. Because of high densities of these mosquitoes that remain in the city, treatment failure was suspected -possibly insecticide resistance of the target species.Objectives. The efficacy of triflumuron and VectoMax® (biorational mixture of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis plus Bacillus sphaericus) were evaluated in the control of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus in catch basins. The residual effect of a single application of the biorational formulation was determined in catch basins during periods of high and low rainfall.Materials and methods. The efficacy of the products was measured in 60 catch basins located in a residential neighborhood of Cali for a period of 90 days. The mean number of immature.Control de estadios inmaduros de mosquitos en sumideros instars ( A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus larvae and pupae of both species) was determined biweekly from 40 catch basins with insecticide intervention (20 treated with triflumuron, 20 with VectoMax®) and 20 untreated (control group). The residual effect of the biorational larvicide was evaluated biweekly in 10 catch basins during each of the 2 climatic periods.Results. The catch basins treated with VectoMax® presented a significantly lower mean number of immature instars of both species compared with the control ( p<0.01). In contrast, the triflumuron treatment significantly reduced only immature instars of A. aegypti compared with the control ( p<0.001). The residual effect of VectoMax® was higher during low rainfall compared to the control ( p<0.001).Conclusion. The biorational formulation was the more effective treatment for the control of both species during the period of evaluation (15 days).Introducción. En Cali los sumideros son uno de los principales criaderos de Aedes aegypti y Culex quinquefasciatus que son controlados por la Secretaría de Salud Municipal utilizando el insecticida triflumurón desde 1999. Se sospecha falla al tratamiento.Objetivos. Evaluar la eficacia del Starycide® (triflumurón) y VectoMax® (mezcla bacteriana de Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis y Bacillus sphaericus) en el control de A. aegypti y C. quinquefasciatus en los sumideros y determinar el efecto residual de una única aplicación de VectoMax®, en épocas de alta y baja pluviosidad.Materiales y métodos. La eficacia de los productos fue medida en 60 sumideros de una zona residencial de Cali por un período de 90 días. La media de individuos inmaduros (larvas y pupas de A. aegypti y C. quinquefasciatus) fueron obtenidas quincenalmente de 40 sumideros intervenidos (20 con triflumurón y 20 con VectoMax®) y 20 sin tratamiento (grupo testigo). El efecto residual de la mezcla bacteriana se evaluó quincenalmente en 10 sumideros en cada temporada climática.Resultados. Los sumideros tratados con VectoMax® presentaron diferencias en el promedio de estadios inmaduros en ambas especies frente al testigo (p<0,01). En contraste, el tratamiento con triflumurón sólo presentó diferencias en los estadios inmaduros de A. aegypti con respecto al testigo (p<0,001). El efecto residual del VectoMax® fue mayor en la época de baja pluviosidad con respecto al testigo (p<0,001).Conclusión. La mezcla bacteriana fue el tratamiento más eficaz en el control de ambas especies durante el período evaluado (15 días)

The cell wall protein Ecm33 of Candida albicans is involved in chronological life span, morphogenesis, cell wall regeneration, stress tolerance, and host–cell interaction

Q2Q11-14Ecm33 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein in the human pathogen Candida albicans. This protein is known to be involved in fungal cell wall integrity (CWI) and is also critical for normal virulence in the mouse model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis, but its function remains unknown. In this work, several phenotypic analyses of the C. albicans ecm33/ecm33 mutant (RML2U) were performed. We observed that RML2U displays the inability of protoplast to regenerate the cell wall, activation of the CWI pathway, hypersensitivity to temperature, osmotic and oxidative stresses and a shortened chronological lifespan. During the exponential and stationary culture phases, nuclear and actin staining revealed the possible arrest of the cell cycle in RML2U cells. Interestingly, a “veil growth,” never previously described in C. albicans, was serendipitously observed under static stationary cells. The cells that formed this structure were also observed in cornmeal liquid cultures. These cells are giant, round cells, without DNA, and contain large vacuoles, similar to autophagic cells observed in other fungi. Furthermore, RML2U was phagocytozed more than the wild-type strain by macrophages at earlier time points, but the damage caused to the mouse cells was less than with the wild-type strain. Additionally, the percentage of RML2U apoptotic cells after interaction with macrophages was fewer than in the wild-type strain

Audit of the recognition process of disabilities due to general illness compensated in the month of February 2002 in a health promoting entity in the municipality of Bucaramanga (Santander)

La ley 100 de 1993 abrió puertas para la entrada al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud a un número de actores y beneficiarios que no se contemplaban dentro del Sistema Nacional de Salud, teniendo en cuenta que una de las funciones delegadas por la Constitución Nacional y la ley 100 de 1993 a las Entidades Promotoras de Salud (EPS) como administradoras de planes de beneficios es garantizar a sus afiliados las prestaciones en salud y económicas que implican las incapacidades por enfermedad general, se hace necesario la consolidación de un sistema de control integral al interior de ellas que permita una gestión efectiva de cada uno de los procesos necesarios para el cumplimiento de lo delegado garantizando la administración efectiva de los recursos y el acceso a los servicios del Plan Obligatorio de Servicios -POS. Es importante resaltar la auditoría dentro del Sistema Obligatorio de Garantía de la Calidad como elemento fundamental de la administración de las empresas que trabajan dentro del marco del Sistema de Seguridad Social en Salud en Colombia.INTRODUCCIÓN 1 1. MARCO TEORICO 2 2. OBJETIVOS 9 2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 9 2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS 9 3. MATERIALES Y METODOS 10 3.1 TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN 10 3.2 VARIABLES 10 3.3 RECURSOS 11 3.3.1 Recursos Humanos 11 3.4 DESCRIPCION DEL PROCESO DE RECONOCIMIENTO DE INCAPACIDADES 11 3.5 DESCRIPCION DEL PROCESO DE AUDITORIA 14 3.6 PAPELES DE TRABAJO 16 3.7 INDICADORES 27 4. PRESENTACIÓN DE HALLAZGOS 30 RECOMENDACIONES 65 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 67 ANEXOS 68EspecializaciónLaw 100 of 1993 opened doors for the entry to the General System of Social Security in Health to a number of actors and beneficiaries that were not contemplated within the National Health System, taking into account that one of the functions delegated by the National Constitution and Law 100 of 1993 to the Health Promotion Entities (EPS) as administrators of benefit plans is to guarantee their affiliates the health and economic benefits that disability due to general illness implies, it is necessary to consolidate a comprehensive control system within them that allows effective management of each of the processes necessary to comply with what is delegated, guaranteeing the effective administration of resources and access to the services of the Mandatory Service Plan -POS. It is important to highlight the audit within the Mandatory Quality Assurance System as a fundamental element of the administration of companies that work within the framework of the Social Security System in Health in Colombia

Genomic Footprints of Selective Sweeps from Metabolic Resistance to Pyrethroids in African Malaria Vectors Are Driven by Scale up of Insecticide-Based Vector Control

Insecticide resistance in mosquito populations threatens recent successes in malaria prevention. Elucidating patterns of genetic structure in malaria vectors to predict the speed and direction of the spread of resistance is essential to get ahead of the `resistance curve' and to avert a public health catastrophe. Here, applying a combination of microsatellite analysis, whole genome sequencing and targeted sequencing of a resistance locus, we elucidated the continent-wide population structure of a major African malaria vector, Anopheles funestus. We identified a major selective sweep in a genomic region controlling cytochrome P450-based metabolic resistance conferring high resistance to pyrethroids. This selective sweep occurred since 2002, likely as a direct consequence of scaled up vector control as revealed by whole genome and fine-scale sequencing of pre- and post-intervention populations. Fine-scaled analysis of the pyrethroid resistance locus revealed that a resistanceassociated allele of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP6P9a has swept through southern Africa to near fixation, in contrast to high polymorphism levels before interventions, conferring high levels of pyrethroid resistance linked to control failure. Population structure analysis revealed a barrier to gene flow between southern Africa and other areas, which may prevent or slow the spread of the southern mechanism of pyrethroid resistance to other regions. By identifying a genetic signature of pyrethroid-based interventions, we have demonstrated the intense selective pressure that control interventions exert on mosquito populations. If this level of selection and spread of resistance continues unabated, our ability to control malaria with current interventions will be compromised

Genome of Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease, reveals unique adaptations to hematophagy and parasite infection

Rhodnius prolixus not only has served as a model organism for the study of insect physiology, but also is a major vector of Chagas disease, an illness that affects approximately seven million people worldwide. We sequenced the genome of R. prolixus, generated assembled sequences covering 95% of the genome ( approximately 702 Mb), including 15,456 putative protein-coding genes, and completed comprehensive genomic analyses of this obligate blood-feeding insect. Although immune-deficiency (IMD)-mediated immune responses were observed, R. prolixus putatively lacks key components of the IMD pathway, suggesting a reorganization of the canonical immune signaling network. Although both Toll and IMD effectors controlled intestinal microbiota, neither affected Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, implying the existence of evasion or tolerance mechanisms. R. prolixus has experienced an extensive loss of selenoprotein genes, with its repertoire reduced to only two proteins, one of which is a selenocysteine-based glutathione peroxidase, the first found in insects. The genome contained actively transcribed, horizontally transferred genes from Wolbachia sp., which showed evidence of codon use evolution toward the insect use pattern. Comparative protein analyses revealed many lineage-specific expansions and putative gene absences in R. prolixus, including tandem expansions of genes related to chemoreception, feeding, and digestion that possibly contributed to the evolution of a blood-feeding lifestyle. The genome assembly and these associated analyses provide critical information on the physiology and evolution of this important vector species and should be instrumental for the development of innovative disease control methods

Genomic Insights Into The Ixodes scapularis Tick Vector Of Lyme Disease

Ticks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. We describe the 2.1 Gbp nuclear genome of the tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), which vectors pathogens that cause Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis and other diseases. The large genome reflects accumulation of repetitive DNA, new lineages of retrotransposons, and gene architecture patterns resembling ancient metazoans rather than pancrustaceans. Annotation of scaffolds representing B57% of the genome, reveals 20,486 protein-coding genes and expansions of gene families associated with tick–host interactions. We report insights from genome analyses into parasitic processes unique to ticks, including host ‘questing’, prolonged feeding, cuticle synthesis, blood meal concentration, novel methods of haemoglobin digestion, haem detoxification, vitellogenesis and prolonged off-host survival. We identify proteins associated with the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease, and the encephalitis-causing Langat virus, and a population structure correlated to life-history traits and transmission of the Lyme disease agent