Analysis of polymerization time on abrasive wear of dental resins

An evaluation was made of the abrasive wear of six composite thermofixed dental resins subjected to different polymerization times. The method of evaluation was based on sharpness measurements to quantify the abrasive wear resistance of the resins. To this end, a test bench was built, consisting of a rotating porcelain cylinder that wears out a resin-coated cylinder placed above it, thus causing vertical displacement of the contact as the wear progresses. The values of vertical displacement, i.e., the input variables, were read and recorded by means of a computer program to obtain the sharpness values. These data indicated that the resins displayed different behaviors as a function of the polymerization times applied, reinforcing the importance of using a practical and rapid method of analysis in order to ensure that the behavior of new materials is fully understood before they are launched on the market.FAPES

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Análise dilatométrica e medida de dureza Vickers foram utilizadas para avaliar os efeitos microestruturais do reaquecimento e resfriamento em amostras retiradas de metais de solda obtidos pela soldagem a arco submerso com e sem a adição de pó metálico, sendo inicialmente caracterizada a macro e microestruturas originais desses metais de solda. O procedimento de soldagem envolveu a utilização dos eletrodos AWS EM12K e EB2 para um mesmo aporte de calor teórico de 4,8 kJ/mm. As juntas foram preparadas com chanfro em ângulo de 50º e a deposição do pó metálico, caracterizado como de médio teor de Mn, foi realizada na quantidade de 260 g/m. Em relação aos efeitos na macroestrutura dos cordões de solda, conclui-se que a adição do pó metálico interferiu na diluição do metal de base e na distribuição da energia disponível de soldagem. Com respeito às consequências da edição do pó metálico no desenvolvimento microestrutural desses metais de solda, os resultados da quantificação dos constituintes microestruturais permitiram concluir que a incidência da ferrita acicular nos metais de solda obtidos foi dependente apenas do efeito da composição química participante, nominalmente os teores de Cr e Mn, enquanto que a presença das microfases M-A foi dependente do efeito competitivo entre a composição química participante e velocidade de resfriamento. As curvas CCT, construídas a partir da análise dilatométrica, mostraram que as composições químicas participantes dos metais de solda obtidos com o eletrodo EB2 são mais propensas ao favorecimento na incidência da ferrita acicular em relação aos obtidos com o eletrodo EM12K, independente da participação do pó metálico, quando do reaquecimento e resfriamento dos mesmos na faixa de velocidades de resfriamento entre 8ºC/s e 25ºC/s. Em todos os metais de solda reaquecidos e resfriados as microfases M-A diminuiram com o aumento da velocidade de resfriamento.Dilatometric analysis and Vickers hardness measurements were utilized in order to evaluate the microstructural effects of reheating and re-cooling in samples collected from weld metals obtained by submerged are welding with and without the addition of metallic powder, inittially being characterized the original macro and microstructures of these weld metals. The welding procedure made use of the AWS EM12K and EB2 electrodes for the same theoretical heat input of 4,8 kJ/mm. The joints were prepared with groove angle at an 50° and the deposition of metallic powder, characterized as medi um content of Mn, was carried out at the rate of 260 g/m. Concerning the effects at the macrostructure of weld beads, after welded, it has been concluded that the addition of metallic powder has interfered at the dilution of base metal and at the distribution of the available energy for welding. Concerning the results of the metallic powder addition over the microstructural development of these weld metals, the quantification of the microstructural constituents allowed to conclude that the incidence of the acicular ferrite in the obtained weld metals was only based on the effect of the participating chemical composition, mainly of Cr and Mn contents, while the presence of the M-A microphases was dependent upon the competitive effect between the participating chemical composition and the cooling rate. The CCT curves, built using the dilatometric analysis, showed that the participating chemical composition of the weld metals obtained with the EB2 electrode, are more inclined to help the incidence of acicular ferrite when compared to those obtained with the EM12K electrode, independent of the metallic powder addition, when reheating and cooling them at the cooling rate range between 8ºC/s and 25ºC/s. In all of the weld metals reheated and cooled the incidence of the microphases M-A has decreased with the cooling rate increase

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Análise dilatométrica e medida de dureza Vickers foram utilizadas para avaliar os efeitos microestruturais do reaquecimento e resfriamento em amostras retiradas de metais de solda obtidos pela soldagem a arco submerso com e sem a adição de pó metálico, sendo inicialmente caracterizada a macro e microestruturas originais desses metais de solda. O procedimento de soldagem envolveu a utilização dos eletrodos AWS EM12K e EB2 para um mesmo aporte de calor teórico de 4,8 kJ/mm. As juntas foram preparadas com chanfro em ângulo de 50º e a deposição do pó metálico, caracterizado como de médio teor de Mn, foi realizada na quantidade de 260 g/m. Em relação aos efeitos na macroestrutura dos cordões de solda, conclui-se que a adição do pó metálico interferiu na diluição do metal de base e na distribuição da energia disponível de soldagem. Com respeito às consequências da edição do pó metálico no desenvolvimento microestrutural desses metais de solda, os resultados da quantificação dos constituintes microestruturais permitiram concluir que a incidência da ferrita acicular nos metais de solda obtidos foi dependente apenas do efeito da composição química participante, nominalmente os teores de Cr e Mn, enquanto que a presença das microfases M-A foi dependente do efeito competitivo entre a composição química participante e velocidade de resfriamento. As curvas CCT, construídas a partir da análise dilatométrica, mostraram que as composições químicas participantes dos metais de solda obtidos com o eletrodo EB2 são mais propensas ao favorecimento na incidência da ferrita acicular em relação aos obtidos com o eletrodo EM12K, independente da participação do pó metálico, quando do reaquecimento e resfriamento dos mesmos na faixa de velocidades de resfriamento entre 8ºC/s e 25ºC/s. Em todos os metais de solda reaquecidos e resfriados as microfases M-A diminuiram com o aumento da velocidade de resfriamento.Dilatometric analysis and Vickers hardness measurements were utilized in order to evaluate the microstructural effects of reheating and re-cooling in samples collected from weld metals obtained by submerged are welding with and without the addition of metallic powder, inittially being characterized the original macro and microstructures of these weld metals. The welding procedure made use of the AWS EM12K and EB2 electrodes for the same theoretical heat input of 4,8 kJ/mm. The joints were prepared with groove angle at an 50° and the deposition of metallic powder, characterized as medi um content of Mn, was carried out at the rate of 260 g/m. Concerning the effects at the macrostructure of weld beads, after welded, it has been concluded that the addition of metallic powder has interfered at the dilution of base metal and at the distribution of the available energy for welding. Concerning the results of the metallic powder addition over the microstructural development of these weld metals, the quantification of the microstructural constituents allowed to conclude that the incidence of the acicular ferrite in the obtained weld metals was only based on the effect of the participating chemical composition, mainly of Cr and Mn contents, while the presence of the M-A microphases was dependent upon the competitive effect between the participating chemical composition and the cooling rate. The CCT curves, built using the dilatometric analysis, showed that the participating chemical composition of the weld metals obtained with the EB2 electrode, are more inclined to help the incidence of acicular ferrite when compared to those obtained with the EM12K electrode, independent of the metallic powder addition, when reheating and cooling them at the cooling rate range between 8ºC/s and 25ºC/s. In all of the weld metals reheated and cooled the incidence of the microphases M-A has decreased with the cooling rate increase

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved