HYBRIDITY AND OTHERNESS IN ALGERIAN POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE

The paper considers the dualistic existence between the Self and the Other during the Great War. Algerian participation in the war was compulsory and many authors wrote about the event.: Albert Camus, a Frenchman who belonged to a pied-noir family, Mohamed Ben Chérif, an Arab from Djelfa, and Elissa Rhaïs, a Jewish writer from Blida. The First Man (1994), Camus’s book, deals with the French who were reluctant participants in war. Mohamed Ben Chérif also published his first book, Ahmed Ben Mostapha Goumier (1997) that represents those Algerians who sought friendship with the French. In Le Café Chantant (1920), Elissa Rhaïs gives another picture of an Algerian who participated in the Great War. This paper examines the meeting with the Other that left indelible marks on the protagonists’ identities

L’Emir Abd el-Kader, Cheikh Al Alawi : deux pensées en avance sur leur temps

O emir Abd el-Kader (1808-1883) e Al Alawi (1869 — 1934), praticaram ambos o retiro espiritual, « la khalwa », que é um exercício de isolamento do mundo durante um determinado período de tempo. Eles desejavam, como referia Thoreau, « absorver todo a essência da vida”. Mas como se pode viver em profundidade para o fazer ? O artigo demonstra como os dois sábios argelinos, o emir Abd el-Kader e o xeque Al Alawi procuraram transformar as suas almas, para alcançar a luz que os guiaria para a paz interior. Viveram uma vida simples, mas muito profunda e rica em acontecimentos. O estudo revela as similitudes das suas respetivas existências, dos seus atos e das suas palavras. Ambos viveram a religião intensamente, como filósofos, guias espirituais e poetas, o que lhes permitiu perceber, com todos os seus sentidos, a beleza da criação humana e de se aproximar, através de todos os seus sentidos, dos silêncios do mundo natural. O emir Abd el-Kader e o xeque Al Alawi tiveram visões individualistas da religião. Glorificaram Deus e a sua obra como seria louvado um pintor pela sua tela acabada. Viam Deus em todas as suas obras, daí decorrendo a divinização do homem e a sua elevação ao mais alto nível de respeito e veneração. Al Alawi foi um grande sufi, cujo pensamento se aproxima do seu antecessor, Abd el-Kader. Os dois sentiam a dimensão da divindade em cada ser humano. Foram suficientemente audaciosos para colocar os indivíduos por sobre as instituições e, por consequência, as suas interpretações da religião aproximam-se do conceito da laicidade moderna.L’Emir Abd el-Kader (1808-1883) et Al Alawi (1869 — 1934), ont tous les deux pratiqué la retraite spirituelle « la khalwa » qui est un exercice de l’isolement du monde pendant une certaine période de temps. Ils voulaient comme disait Thoreau « sucer toute la moelle de la vie ». Mais comment peut-on vivre en profondeur pour absorber toute la moelle de la vie ? L’article présent montre comment deux sages algériens, L’Emir Abd El-Kader et Cheikh El Alawi ont cherché à transformer leurs âmes, pour atteindre la lumière qui les guidera vers la paix intérieure. Ils ont mené une vie simple mais très profonde et riche en évènements. L’étude montre des similitudes au niveau de leur existence respective, dans leurs actes et paroles. Ils ont tous deux vécu la religion intensément comme philosophes, guides spirituels et poètes, ce qui leur a permis de percevoir par tous leurs sens la beauté de la création divine, et d’approcher tous les secrets et les silences du monde naturel. L’Emir Abd El-Kader et Cheikh Al Alawi ont des visions individualistes de la religion. Ils glorifient Dieu et son œuvre comme serait loué un artiste qui a achevé sa toile. Ils voient Dieu dans tout son ouvrage, et part de-là ils divinisent l’homme et l’élèvent au plus haut rang de respect et de vénération. Al Alawi est un grand Soufi dont les pensées se rapprochent beaucoup de celles de son prédécesseur l’Emir Abd-El-Kader. Ces deux Soufis sentent la présence d’une dimension de la divinité dans chaque Homme. Ils ont été assez audacieux de placer les individus au-dessus des institutions et par conséquent leurs interprétations de la religion se rapprochent du concept de la laïcité moderne.Emir Abd el-Kader (1808-1883) and Al Alawi (1869-1934) both practiced the spiritual retreat "the khalwa" which is an exercise in the isolation of the world for a certain period of time. They wanted, as Thoreau said, "to suck all the marrow of life". But how can one live in depth to absorb all the marrow of life? The present article shows how two Algerian sages, Emir Abd El-Kader and Sheikh El Alawi sought to transform their souls, to reach the light that will guide them towards inner peace. They led a simple life but very deep and rich in events. The study shows similarities in their respective lives, in their actions and words. They both lived the religion intensely as philosophers, spiritual guides and poets, which allowed them to perceive in all their senses the beauty of the divine creation, and to approach all the secrets and silences of the natural world. Emir Abd El-Kader and Sheikh Al Alawi have individualistic views of religion. They see God in all his work, and from there they deify man and raise him to the highest rank of respect and veneration. Al Alawi is a great Sufi whose thoughts are very similar to those of his predecessor Emir Abd-El-Kader. These two Sufis feel the presence of a dimension of divinity in each Man. They have been daring enough to place individuals above institutions and consequently their interpretations of religion are close to the concept of modern secularism

Scour around Bridge Piers: Numerical Investigations of the Longitudinal Biconcave Pier Shape

The flow pattern around a bridge pier and the scouring phenomenon are very complicated. The basic mechanism causing local scour is the down-flow at the upstream face of the pier. It is understood that the horseshoe vortex is the key mechanism that leads to the local scour around pier; existing literature revealed that the strength of the down-flow, horseshoe vortex and the wake vortex are greater in the case of square piers compared to circular piers. In this paper we have investigated a new longitudinal biconcave bridge pier shape that reduces better the bed shear stress. For that purpose, a number of numerical simulations have been carried out using a Finite Volume Method (FVM) and for the turbulence model we have chosen the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) for its capability to capture the rich dynamics of the horseshoe vortex at the upstream junction between the pier and the bed.The present study shows that the new longitudinal biconcave bridge pier shape reduces 10 % to 12 % the bed shear stress at the junction between the pier and the bed in other hand this shape increases the bed shear stress about 20 % but at a distance of D downstream the bridge pier in the flow direction

Spatial variability of concentration and aggressiveness of Precipitation in north-east of Algeria

In this study, the spatial variation of daily and monthly concentration precipitation index and its aggressive ness were used in 23 rainfall stations in the extreme north-east of Algeria over the period 1970-2010. The trend was analysed by the Mann-Kendall (MK) test. The results show that daily precipitation concentration index (CI) values are noticeably higher in places where the amount of total precipitation is low, the results of MK test show that areas of high precipitation concentration tend to increase. The seasonality and aggressiveness of precipitation are high in the eastern and western parts of the study region (eastern and central coastal of Constantine catchments), whereas a moderately seasonal distribution with low aggressiveness is found in the middle of the study area (plains and central Seybouse catchment). As a result, the modified Fournier index (MFI) has a significant correlation with annual precipitation, whereas the CI and monthly precipitation concentration index (PCI) show an opposite correlation in relation to annual precipitation

Coulomb Blockade in low mobility nanometer size Si:MOSFETs

We investigate coherent transport in Si:MOSFETs with nominal gate lengths 50 to 100nm and various widths at very low temperature. Independent of the geometry, localized states appear when G=e^{2}/h and transport is dominated by resonant tunnelling through a single quantum dot formed by an impurity potential. We find that the typical size of the relevant impurity quantum dot is comparable to the channel length and that the periodicity of the observed Coulomb blockade oscillations is roughly inversely proportional to the channel length. The spectrum of resonances and the nonlinear I-V curves allow to measure the charging energy and the mean level energy spacing for electrons in the localized state. Furthermore, we find that in the dielectric regime, the variance var(lng) of the logarithmic conductance lng is proportional to its average value consistent with one-electron scaling models.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

The "ram effect": new insights into neural modulation of the gonadotropic axis by male odors and socio-sexual interactions

Reproduction in mammals is controlled by the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis under the influence of external and internal factors such as photoperiod, stress, nutrition, and social interactions. Sheep are seasonal breeders and stop mating when day length is increasing (anestrus). However, interactions with a sexually active ram during this period can override the steroid negative feedback responsible for the anoestrus state, stimulate LH secretion and eventually reinstate cyclicity. This is known as the ram effect and research into the mechanisms underlying it is shedding new light on HPG axis regulation. The first step in the ram effect is increased LH pulsatile secretion in anestrus ewes exposed to a sexually active male or only to its fleece, the latter finding indicating a pheromone-like effect. Estradiol secretion increases in all ewes and this eventually induces a LH surge and ovulation, just as during the breeding season. An exception is a minority of ewes that exhibit a precocious LH surge (within 4h) with no prior increase in estradiol. The main olfactory system and the cortical nucleus of the amygdala are critical brain structures in mediating the ram effect since it is blocked by their inactivation. Sexual experience is also important since activation (increased c-fos expression) in these and other regions is greatly reduced in sexually naïve ewes. In adult ewes kisspeptin neurons in both arcuate and preoptic regions and some preoptic GnRH neurons are activated 2h after exposure to a ram. Exposure to rams also activates noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus and A1 nucleus and increased noradrenalin release occurs in the posterior preoptic area. Pharmacological modulation of this system modifies LH secretion in response to the male or his odor. Together these results show that the ram effect can be a fruitful model to promote both a better understanding of the neural and hormonal regulation of the HPG axis in general and also the spe

Random-Matrix Theory of Quantum Transport

This is a comprehensive review of the random-matrix approach to the theory of phase-coherent conduction in mesocopic systems. The theory is applied to a variety of physical phenomena in quantum dots and disordered wires, including universal conductance fluctuations, weak localization, Coulomb blockade, sub-Poissonian shot noise, reflectionless tunneling into a superconductor, and giant conductance oscillations in a Josephson junction.Comment: 85 pages including 52 figures, to be published in Rev.Mod.Phy

Ni Oiseau ni Poisson: Algerian Jewish Literature

Literature has always been a refuge and a means of resistance for ethnic minorities. Algerian Jewish Literature has evolved through time as a testimony of existence. It reiterates the echo of the Algerian Jewish experience on the Algerian soil with all its intricacies, during the French colonization. Algerian Jewish literature provides today an interesting workspace to study the historical tie between two religions, two cultures, two memories that split due to a historical choice. The Cremieux decree, was a kind of favoritism to Jews that distant them absolutely from people they lived with for centuries. The article examines assimilation of Jews to the French that worked well since the beginning of colonization. Identification to the French has been ultimate and critical in the eyes of the Muslims. With the coming of independence, exile became more and more central. Though exile is a recurrent phenomenon for Jews, it is nevertheless a step in the making of their identity in the French society. By 1962, Jews were completely strangers in their native land and exile became an obligatory step. The Jews have probably whispered the victory of France, they dreamt of it while aspiring to remain home. When the time was for departure, many Jews were still assuming a happy end for France, but the events went differently.