Argentinos y ecuatorianos en Barcelona y Milán : trayectorias, dimensión urbana y capital cultural

El presente artículo presenta una parte de las aportaciones de una tesis doctoral reciente sobre las trayectorias biográficas de inmigrantes argentinos y ecuatorianos en Barcelona (España) y Milán (Italia). Éstas están marcadas por la inserción de un determinado perfil de inmigrantes provistos de un no desdeñable volumen de capital cultural y social, en una ciudad que se encuentra inmersa en un proceso de transformación y el tránsito desde una economía de servicios a una economía industrial. El artículo pone énfasis en la dimensión urbana de la integración.This paper presents some of the findings of a doctoral thesis on biographical trajectories of Argentinean and Ecuadorian immigrants in Barcelona (Spain) and Milano (Italy). These trajectories are characterized by the insertion of a given profile of immigrants characterized by a high volume of cultural and social capital in a city which is immersed in a process of transformation and in the transit from a service economy to an industrial economy. The paper emphasizes precisely the urban dimensions of integration

Ressenyes

Index de les obres ressenyades: G. PLEYERS, Alterglobalization, becoming actors in the global ag

Ressenyes

Obra ressenyada: Laura ZANFRINI, Sociologia delle migrazioni. Bari: Laterza, 2004

Covid-19, brecha generacional y temporalidades contradictorias en la españa de la pandemia

Este es un artículo teórico de reflexión sociológica sobre los efectos contradictorios en las temporalidades de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la España actual. A partir de la teoría sociológica de la idea de la “brecha generacional” y partiendo de la consideración que en España varios aspectos del conflicto generacional se pueden explicar por la llegada tardía a la modernidad (Álvarez Junco, 2001). Se constata que en España en poco más de un siglo se ha producido una rápida transición de la premodernidad a la postmodernidad. En este articulo se distinguen tres temporalidades divergentes actualmente presentes y en competición en la sociedad española. 1) Tiempo “natural”: es el tiempo vivido por las personas actualmente mayores de 60 años (nacidos antes de 1960), un tiempo regido por estaciones y ciclos vitales, donde los procesos son cíclicos y, a la vez incontrolables, “es lo que hay”. 2) Tiempo “moderno”: es el tiempo de las personas que actualmente tienen entre 30 y 59 años (nacidos entre 1970 y 1989). Este tiempo está marcado por una socialización en los años del “desarrollismo” y primeros años de la democracia. Las personas que forman parte de este grupo crecieron y fueron socializados como modernos y cuando llegó la postmodernidad (inicio de la década de 1990) experimentan un “shock cultural” con las nuevas prácticas. 3) Tiempo “postmoderno”: Las personas nacidas a partir de 1990 viven en un mundo caracterizado por la rapidez, donde lo único constante es el cambio y todo lo demás ha desaparecido. En España los cambios sociales producidos en el último siglo han sido más rápidos que en otros países europeos. La convivencia entre personas que viven diferentes tipos de temporalidades es mucho más frecuente que en los países del norte de Europa.This paper reflects on the contradictory effects brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic in present day Spain. Considering that certain aspects of generational conflict in Spain might be explained by the late arrival of Spain to modernity. Three competing temporalities are distinguished: 1) “Natural time”: is the time as lived by people who is presently older than 60 (born before 1970). This time is defined by seasons and vital cycles. 2) “Modern time”: it is the time of those aged 30 to 59 today (born from 1970 to 1989), marked by a socialisation in the years of “desarrollarismo” and the first years of democracy. People belonging to this group grew up and were socialized as “moderns”. 3) “Postmodern time”: people born after 1990 live in a world defined by high speed, where the only constant is change. The outbreak of the pandemic might be considered a paradigmatic social problem. In the first place, pandemic has impacted among the elderly, putting a question mark over the Spanish model of social provision for the elderly. Second, among adults the pandemic has meant the imposition of remote working, which clashes with the modern conception of scheduled working hours. Last but not least, for young people the pandemic causes a break in the lives of people used to high speed living. The paper analyses the differential effect of the pandemic among the different generations and reflects on its likely long-term effects

Eficiencia y discriminación lingüística en la empresa

En este artículo se analizan las estrategias de coordinación lingüística de cinco escenarios empresariales situados en Cataluña (España) afectados desigualmente por la movilidad de los factores de producción. Analizamos los regímenes lingüísticos de cada uno de estos escenarios, prestando especial atención a los criterios lingüísticos de selección y promoción de personal. A partir de los datos obtenidos establecemos dos tipologías de empresas en las que se enfatizan de forma diferenciada la eficacia comunicativa y el control de los recursos por medio de la discriminación lingüística.This article deals with the strategies of linguistic coordination of four business models located in Catalonia (Spain) unequally affected by the mobility of production factors. We analyze the linguistic regimes of each one of these models paying special attention to the linguistic criteria for personnel selection and promotion. Using the data collected, we establish two types of companies with differentiated strategies of control and communicative efficiency through practices of linguistic discrimination

Negocios étnicos : los comercios de los inmigrantes no comunitarios en Cataluña

Hasta ahora la investigación sobre la inserción laboral de los trabajadores inmigrantes en España se había centrado en la incorporación de éstos como asalariados, dejando de lado el estudio de sus actividades económicas como empresarios. Pero, en los últimos años, las iniciativas empresariales de los inmigrantes han ido creciendo rápidamente en las principales ciudades españolas, como Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Tarragona o Alicante. Es un fenómeno en plena expansión, que está transformando productiva y fisonómicamente nuestra sociedad. Desde este punto de vista, se presentan aquí los resultados de un estudio cualitativo basado en entrevistas en profundidad a comerciantes de origen inmigrante, de distintas procedencias, instalados en Barcelona y Tarragona. Esta obra nos acerca, así, a las características de estos establecimientos, a los proyectos migratorios y a las expectativas de los empresarios, así como a las estrategias de creación y de supervivencia de estos negocios. Asimismo, intenta responder a la pregunta de hasta qué punto los inmigrantes establecen comercios étnicos como alternativa a situaciones críticas -desempleo, subocupación, economía sumergida, etc.- o, por el contrario, estos negocios son la culminación de trayectorias laborales ascendentes de la mano de inmigrantes emprendedores, capaces de asumir riesgo, que persiguen la movilidad social

Time to Switch to Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Europe and Thailand.

Background: Data on durability of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are limited. We assessed time to switch to second-line therapy in 16 European countries and Thailand. Methods: Children aged <18 years initiating combination ART (≥2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs] plus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NNRTI] or boosted protease inhibitor [PI]) were included. Switch to second-line was defined as (i) change across drug class (PI to NNRTI or vice versa) or within PI class plus change of ≥1 NRTI; (ii) change from single to dual PI; or (iii) addition of a new drug class. Cumulative incidence of switch was calculated with death and loss to follow-up as competing risks. Results: Of 3668 children included, median age at ART initiation was 6.1 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.7-10.5) years. Initial regimens were 32% PI based, 34% nevirapine (NVP) based, and 33% efavirenz based. Median duration of follow-up was 5.4 (IQR, 2.9-8.3) years. Cumulative incidence of switch at 5 years was 21% (95% confidence interval, 20%-23%), with significant regional variations. Median time to switch was 30 (IQR, 16-58) months; two-thirds of switches were related to treatment failure. In multivariable analysis, older age, severe immunosuppression and higher viral load (VL) at ART start, and NVP-based initial regimens were associated with increased risk of switch. Conclusions: One in 5 children switched to a second-line regimen by 5 years of ART, with two-thirds failure related. Advanced HIV, older age, and NVP-based regimens were associated with increased risk of switch

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat