18 research outputs found

    The Risk-Free Rate’s Impact on Stock Returns with Representative Fund Managers

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    In this thesis, the risk-free rate’s impact on stock market excess returns was examined. Firstly, theoretical arguments were made for that a low risk-free rate might lower the excess return on the stock market, since this increases the incentive for fund managers to increase variance of returns. Under the assumption that fund managers affect the preferences of the representative investor, propositions regarding stock returns and the risk-free rate were made. Using the time series of stochastic volatility risk premium estimates created by Bollerslev, Gibson and Zhou’s (2011), it was tested if investor risk aversion is lower when the risk-free rate is low. The risk-free rate’s impact on the cross-section of stock returns was tested through the same methodology used by Black, Jensen, Scholes (1972) with independent variables linked to the risk-free rate added. Support for lower risk aversion during periods of a low risk-free rate was found. In opposite to the proposition regarding the cross-section of stock returns, the tests suggest that excess returns for all portfolios are higher when the risk-free rate is low

    Newly arrived students in the mathematic classroom : teachers’ perspective.

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    Alla barn i Sverige har rĂ€tt till en likvĂ€rdig utbildning. Det innefattar Ă€ven nyanlĂ€nda elever, men skolan lyckas inte möta de nyanlĂ€ndas behov. Det framkommer bland annat att mĂ„nga av de nyanlĂ€nda eleverna inte nĂ„r kunskapskraven i matematiken, vilket till stor del visar sig bero pĂ„ att eleverna inte inkluderas i den ordinarie undervisningen. Dessutom saknas det i skolorna resurser och kompetens för att utbilda elever med svenska som andrasprĂ„k. Det svenska sprĂ„ket, som spelar en central roll i den svenska skolan, Ă€r en förutsĂ€ttning för lĂ€rande dĂ„ undervisningen sker pĂ„ svenska. För att de nyanlĂ€nda eleverna ska kunna tillgodogöra sig Ă€mneskunskaper innan de förvĂ€rvat sprĂ„ket behöver de istĂ€llet fĂ„ möjlighet att utveckla dem pĂ„ sitt eget sprĂ„k, och fĂ„ utrymme för sitt sprĂ„k och sin kultur. De nyanlĂ€nda eleverna behöver inkluderas i den ordinarie undervisningen och dess sociala sammanhang, och fĂ„ stöd utifrĂ„n kunskapsnivĂ„, vilket ocksĂ„ förutsĂ€tter att skolan kartlagt vilka kunskaper eleverna har med sig nĂ€r de anlĂ€nder. Flera utredningar som ska undersöka skolans behov Ă€r under utredning och Skolverket har ocksĂ„ nyligen publicerat allmĂ€nna rĂ„d som syftar till att vĂ€gleda skolorna i vilka skyldigheter de behöver förhĂ„lla sig till i frĂ„ga om att ta emot nyanlĂ€nda elever.Syftet med denna studie Ă€r att belysa matematiklĂ€rares erfarenheter av att ta emot och undervisa nyanlĂ€nda elever i klassrummet för att förstĂ„ vilka aspekter som Ă€r betydelsefulla i mottagandet och undervisningen. Som metod har den kvalitativa metoden intervju anvĂ€nts , och har vidare tolkats ur ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv.Resultatet visar att det inkluderande arbetet med nyanlĂ€nda elever i matematikklassrummet innebĂ€r i första hand ett socialt fokus, och inte ett lĂ€randefokus. Även dĂ„ lĂ€rarna uppger sig ha ett tillĂ„tande dialogiskt klassrum sĂ„ inverkar flera olika faktorer pĂ„ att en kunskapsutveckling Ă€r svĂ„r att övervaka och genomföra. De svĂ„righeter som framkommer i resultatet rör elevernas tidigare erfarenheter och förutsĂ€ttningar som hindrar deras lĂ€rande. Vidare framkommer bristen pĂ„ resurser, och en bristfĂ€llig samverkan mellan de insatser och resurser som finns som en ytterligare svĂ„righet. Resultatet av detta blir att förutsĂ€ttningen för att pĂ„ ett bra sĂ€tt ta emot och undervisa nyanlĂ€nda elever i klassrummet blir beroende av vilka förutsĂ€ttningar som rĂ„kar finnas hos varje enskild lĂ€rare och deras elever i klassrummet

    Charlotte Lindgren intervjuar Ulf Oom Gardtman om rapporten "Formativ feedback i högre utbildning – Inventering, förslag och organisatorisk implementering"

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    Charlotte Lindgren intervjuar Ulf Oom Gardtman om rapporten "Formativ feedback i högre utbildning – Inventering, förslag och organisatorisk implementering" gjord vid Akademin Industri och samhĂ€lle vid Högskolan Dalarna, författad av Mats Andersson, Ulrika Artursson Wissa, Anders Avdic, Ulf Oom Gardtman och Anna Skogsbergs.Pedagogisk utvecklin

    Pre-hospital non-invasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness evaluation.

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    BACKGROUND: Non-invasive ventilation (NIV), in the form of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel inspiratory positive airway pressure (BiPAP), is used in hospital to treat patients with acute respiratory failure. Pre-hospital NIV may be more effective than in-hospital NIV but requires additional ambulance service resources. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pre-hospital NIV compared with usual care for adults presenting to the emergency services with acute respiratory failure and to identify priorities for future research. DATA SOURCES: Fourteen electronic databases and research registers (including MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were searched from inception to August 2013, supplemented by hand-searching reference lists and contacting experts in the field. REVIEW METHODS: We included all randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of pre-hospital NIV in patients with acute respiratory failure. Methodological quality was assessed according to established criteria. An aggregate data network meta-analysis (NMA) of mortality and intubation was used to jointly estimate intervention effects relative to usual care. A NMA, using individual patient-level data (IPD) and aggregate data where IPD were not available, was carried out to assess whether or not covariates were treatment effect modifiers. A de novo economic model was developed to explore the costs and health outcomes when pre-hospital NIV (specifically CPAP provided by paramedics) and standard care (in-hospital NIV) were applied to a hypothetical cohort of patients with acute respiratory failure. RESULTS: The literature searches identified 2284 citations. Of the 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria, eight were randomised controlled trials and two were quasi-randomised trials (six CPAP; four BiPAP; sample sizes 23-207 participants). IPD were available from seven trials (650 patients). The aggregate data NMA suggested that CPAP was the most effective treatment in terms of mortality (probability = 0.989) and intubation rate (probability = 0.639), and reduced both mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.41, 95% credible interval (CrI) 0.20 to 0.77] and intubation rate (OR 0.32, 95% CrI 0.17 to 0.62) compared with standard care. The effect of BiPAP on mortality (OR 1.94, 95% CrI 0.65 to 6.14) and intubation rate (OR 0.40, 95% CrI 0.14 to 1.16) compared with standard care was uncertain. The combined IPD and aggregate data NMA suggested that sex was a statistically significant treatment effect modifier for mortality. The economic analysis showed that pre-hospital CPAP was more effective and more expensive than standard care, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £20,514 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) and a 49.5% probability of being cost-effective at the £20,000-per-QALY threshold. Variation in the incidence of eligible patients had a marked impact on cost-effectiveness and the expected value of sample information for a future randomised trial. LIMITATIONS: The meta-analysis lacked power to detect potentially important differences in outcome (particularly for BiPAP), the intervention was not always compared with the best alternative care (in-hospital NIV) in the primary studies and findings may not be generalisable. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-hospital CPAP can reduce mortality and intubation rates, but cost-effectiveness is uncertain and the value of further randomised evaluation depends on the incidence of suitable patients. A feasibility study is required to determine if a large pragmatic trial of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness is appropriate. STUDY REGISTRATION: The study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42012002933. FUNDING: The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme
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