Pharmaceutical Regulation and Health Policy Objectives

This paper analyzes a maximum price system and a reference price system in a vertical differentiation model with a brand-name drug and a generic. In particular, both instruments are compared with respect to their performance in reducing public expenditure, limiting financial exposure of patients, improving access to pharmaceuticals, and stimulating competition. For identical regulatory prices, free pricing under the reference system tends to result in a higher price for the brand-name drug. For identical price reductions of the brand-name drug, the lower reimbursement amount under the reference price system results in lower health expenditure, but higher financial exposure of patients. Total welfare is higher under the maximum price system

Anti-tumour necrosis factor discontinuation in inflammatory bowel disease patients in remission: study protocol of a prospective, multicentre, randomized clinical trial

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease who achieve remission with anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs may have treatment withdrawn due to safety concerns and cost considerations, but there is a lack of prospective, controlled data investigating this strategy. The primary study aim is to compare the rates of clinical remission at 1?year in patients who discontinue anti-TNF treatment versus those who continue treatment. Methods: This is an ongoing, prospective, double-blind, multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with Crohn?s disease or ulcerative colitis who have achieved clinical remission for ?6?months with an anti-TNF treatment and an immunosuppressant. Patients are being randomized 1:1 to discontinue anti-TNF therapy or continue therapy. Randomization stratifies patients by the type of inflammatory bowel disease and drug (infliximab versus adalimumab) at study inclusion. The primary endpoint of the study is sustained clinical remission at 1?year. Other endpoints include endoscopic and radiological activity, patient-reported outcomes (quality of life, work productivity), safety and predictive factors for relapse. The required sample size is 194 patients. In addition to the main analysis (discontinuation versus continuation), subanalyses will include stratification by type of inflammatory bowel disease, phenotype and previous treatment. Biological samples will be obtained to identify factors predictive of relapse after treatment withdrawal. Results: Enrolment began in 2016, and the study is expected to end in 2020. Conclusions: This study will contribute prospective, controlled data on outcomes and predictors of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after withdrawal of anti-TNF agents following achievement of clinical remission. Clinical trial reference number: EudraCT 2015-001410-1

K0S and Λ production in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−−√=2.76 TeV

The ALICE measurement of K0S and Λ production at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76  TeV is presented. The transverse momentum (pT) spectra are shown for several collision centrality intervals and in the pT range from 0.4  GeV/c (0.6  GeV/c for Λ) to 12  GeV/c. The pT dependence of the Λ/K0S ratios exhibits maxima in the vicinity of 3  GeV/c, and the positions of the maxima shift towards higher pT with increasing collision centrality. The magnitude of these maxima increases by almost a factor of three between most peripheral and most central Pb-Pb collisions. This baryon excess at intermediate pT is not observed in pp interactions at s√=0.9  TeV and at s√=7  TeV. Qualitatively, the baryon enhancement in heavy-ion collisions is expected from radial flow. However, the measured pT spectra above 2  GeV/c progressively decouple from hydrodynamical-model calculations. For higher values of pT, models that incorporate the influence of the medium on the fragmentation and hadronization processes describe qualitatively the pT dependence of the Λ/K0S ratio

La narraci?n de leyendas como estrategia para fortalecer la oralidad en estudiantes del ciclo II del Colegio Alfonso Reyes Echandia I.E.D. J.M.

93 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEl proyecto inicia con un proceso de observaci?n de la planta f?sica de la instituci?n Educativa Distrital Alfonso Reyes de car?cter p?blica, ubicada en la cra 86 # 74-00 de la localidad s?ptima Bosa San Pedro; luego se procedi? a realizar esta misma observaci?n en las practicas pedag?gicas de los docentes en el aula, principalmente en el ?rea de espa?ol, donde se encontraron deficiencias en la parte de oralidad, tales como: los ni?os no expresan las dudas frente a las tem?ticas, no argumentan, hay ausencia de una expresi?n oral clara y coherente. Por lo que se fortalece la competencia comunicativa a trav?s de la leyenda. Esta investigaci?n se apoy? en los siguientes te?ricos: Guillermo Bernal Arroyave, en su investigaci?n habla acerca del t?rmino de la oralidad.Lev Vygotsky, concibe al sujeto como un ser eminentemente social. Por otro lado, Jean Piaget destaca el lenguaje como un instrumento de la capacidad cognoscitiva y afectiva del individuo. Por otra parte Walter Ong aclara que la sociedad humana se form? con la ayuda del lenguaje oral. Durante el desarrollo del proyecto se trabajaron cuatro etapas: En la primera etapa se llev? a cabo la observaci?n de danzas realizadas por estudiantes y profesores de los grados d?cimos y once. En la una segunda etapa, permiti? que los ni?os comprendieran las posibilidades y riquezas del lenguaje. En la tercera etapa, se reunieron todos los miembros de la comunidad educativa se presentaron danzas, poes?as y obras de teatro. Por ?ltimo se trabaj? en la Fase 4. Donde se efect?o el an?lisis de resultados obtenidos. Finalmente se presentan las conclusiones.The project begins with a process of observation of the physical plant of the Educational Institution Alfonso Reyes District public character, located in the cra 86 # 74-00 of the seventh town Bosa San Pedro; then proceeded to make the same remark in the pedagogical practices of teachers in the classroom, primarily in the area of Spanish, where deficiencies were found in the part of orality, such as children do not express doubts rather than thematic, not argue, there is no clear and consistent oral expression. As communicative competence through the legend is strengthened. This research is supported in the following scenarios: Bernal Guillermo Arroyave, and interesting talk about the term of orality. Lev Vygotsky, conceives the subject as an eminently social being. On the other hand, Jean Piaget emphasizes language as an instrument of cognitive and emotional capacity of the individual. Moreover Walter Ong explains that human society was formed with the help of oral language. During the project worked four stages: In the first stage was carried out observing dances performed by students and teachers in grades eleven tenths. In a second step, allowed the children to understand the possibilities and richness of language. In the third stage, all members of the educational community dances, poems and plays were presented met. Finally he worked in Phase 4. Where the analysis of results, was performed. Finally, conclusions are presented. Keywords: orality, captions, narration, communicative competence

INFLUENCE OF SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEM “LIVE FENCES†OF Gliricidia sepium ON SOIL RESPIRATION IN TACOTALPA, TABASCO, MEXICO

The aim of this study was to quantify rates of soil respiration on livestock systems with live fences (LF) formed by Gliricidia sepium trees and on livestock systems in signal grass monoculture (MP) (Brachiaria decumbens); examine the variation of flows in the rainy and dry seasons, and fluctuations during the day, as well as soil temperature and relative humidity. Soil respiration was measured twice a month, four times a day between the hours of 00:00 to 06:00 h, 6:00 to 12:00 h, 12:00 to 18:00 h, and 18:00 to 24:00 h, in both seasons. Soil temperature and the relative humidity were simultaneously measured. The results show that the rate of soil respiration is similar between these systems, LF issued 0.97 and MP 1.01 mol CO2 m2 h-1. In contrast, there was influence of the time of year and time of collection of the samples. In both systems the soil flows were higher in the rainy season (1.1 mol CO2 m2 h-1 on average) and slightly lower in the dry season (0.90 mol CO2 m2 h-1 on average) and were higher during the night (00:00 to 06:00 hours), during the early morning hours (6:00 to 12:00 hours). Soil temperature was higher in the MP, and the relative humidity in LF. It is concluded that the main factor that caused the variation in soil respiration rates was the presence of G. sepium trees in LF, which led to lower temperatures and more stable humidity, which resulted in lower soil CO2 fluxes

Charge correlations using the balance function in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN =2.76 TeV

In high-energy heavy-ion collisions, the correlations between the emitted particles can be used as a probe to gain insight into the charge creation mechanisms. In this Letter, we report the first results of such studies using the electric charge balance function in the relative pseudorapidity (∆η) and azimuthal angle (∆φ) in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN =2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The width of the balance function decreases with growing centrality (i.e. for more central collisions) in both projections. This centrality dependence is not reproduced by HIJING, while AMPT, a model which incorporates strings and parton rescattering, exhibits qualitative agreement with the measured correlations in ∆φ but fails to describe the correlations in ∆η. A thermal blast-wave model incorporating local charge conservation and tuned to describe the pT spectra and v2 measurements reported by ALICE, is used to fit the centrality dependence of the width of the balance function and to extract the average separation of balancing charges at freeze-out. The comparison of our results with measurements at lower energies reveals an ordering with √sNN: the balance functions become narrower with increasing energy for all centralities. This is consistent with the effect of larger radial flow at the LHC energies but also with the late stage creation scenario of balancing charges. However, the relative decrease of the balance function widths in ∆η and ∆φ with centrality from the highest SPS to the LHC energy exhibits only small differences. This observation cannot be interpreted solely within the framework where the majority of the charge is produced at a later stage in the evolution of the heavy-ion collision

Measurement of charged jet suppression in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV

A measurement of the transverse momentum spectra of jets in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV is reported. Jets are reconstructed from charged particles using the anti-kT jet algorithm with jet resolution parameters R of 0.2 and 0.3 in pseudo-rapidity |η|<0.5. The transverse momentum pT of charged particles is measured down to 0.15 GeV/c which gives access to the low pT fragments of the jet. Jets found in heavy-ion collisions are corrected event-by-event for average background density and on an inclusive basis (via unfolding) for residual background fluctuations and detector effects. A strong suppression of jet production in central events with respect to peripheral events is observed. The suppression is found to be similar to the suppression of charged hadrons, which suggests that substantial energy is radiated at angles larger than the jet resolution parameter R=0.3 considered in the analysis. The fragmentation bias introduced by selecting jets with a high pT leading particle, which rejects jets with a soft fragmentation pattern, has a similar effect on the jet yield for central and peripheral events. The ratio of jet spectra with R=0.2 and R=0.3 is found to be similar in Pb-Pb and simulated PYTHIA pp events, indicating no strong broadening of the radial jet structure in the reconstructed jets with R<0.3.

Measurement of charged jet suppression in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76 TeV

A measurement of the transverse momentum spectra of jets in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76TeV is reported. Jets are reconstructed from charged particles using the anti-k T jet algorithm with jet resolution parameters R of 0.2 and 0.3 in pseudo-rapidity |η| < 0.5. The transverse momentum p T of charged particles is measured down to 0.15 GeV/c which gives access to the low p T fragments of the jet. Jets found in heavy-ion collisions are corrected event-by-event for average background density and on an inclusive basis (via unfolding) for residual background fluctuations and detector effects. A strong suppression of jet production in central events with respect to peripheral events is observed. The suppression is found to be similar to the suppression of charged hadrons, which suggests that substantial energy is radiated at angles larger than the jet resolution parameter R = 0.3 considered in the analysis. The fragmentation bias introduced by selecting jets with a high p T leading particle, which rejects jets with a soft fragmentation pattern, has a similar effect on the jet yield for central and peripheral events. The ratio of jet spectra with R = 0.2 and R = 0.3 is found to be similar in Pb-Pb and simulated PYTHIA pp events, indicating no strong broadening of the radial jet structure in the reconstructed jets with R < 0.3

Measurement of charged jet suppression in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 2.76 TeV

A measurement of the transverse momentum spectra of jets in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV is reported. Jets are reconstructed from charged particles using the anti-kT jet algorithm with jet resolution parameters R of 0.2 and 0.3 in pseudo-rapidity |η|<0.5. The transverse momentum pT of charged particles is measured down to 0.15 GeV/c which gives access to the low pT fragments of the jet. Jets found in heavy-ion collisions are corrected event-by-event for average background density and on an inclusive basis (via unfolding) for residual background fluctuations and detector effects. A strong suppression of jet production in central events with respect to peripheral events is observed. The suppression is found to be similar to the suppression of charged hadrons, which suggests that substantial energy is radiated at angles larger than the jet resolution parameter R=0.3 considered in the analysis. The fragmentation bias introduced by selecting jets with a high pT leading particle, which rejects jets with a soft fragmentation pattern, has a similar effect on the jet yield for central and peripheral events. The ratio of jet spectra with R=0.2 and R=0.3 is found to be similar in Pb-Pb and simulated PYTHIA pp events, indicating no strong broadening of the radial jet structure in the reconstructed jets with R<0.3.