B553: Consumer Packages for Maine Mcintosh Apples

Three kinds of consumer packages for apples were developed for testing in the 1955-56 marketing season. In developing these packages, the authors modified the jumble-pack, polyethylene package in a way that would protect the fruit from most of the bruising and still maintain almost complete visibility of the fruit. One consumer package developed was a long narrow polyethylene bag, another was a polyethylene bag with a divider insert, and the third package had a cell partition placed in a similar plastic bag. All three packages were well accepted by consumers in the Portland market.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_bulletin/1085/thumbnail.jp

A Powerful AGN Outburst in RBS 797

Utilizing $\sim 50$ ks of Chandra X-ray Observatory imaging, we present an analysis of the intracluster medium (ICM) and cavity system in the galaxy cluster RBS 797. In addition to the two previously known cavities in the cluster core, the new and deeper X-ray image has revealed additional structure associated with the active galactic nucleus (AGN). The surface brightness decrements of the two cavities are unusually large, and are consistent with elongated cavities lying close to our line-of-sight. We estimate a total AGN outburst energy and mean jet power of $\approx 3 - 6 \times 10^{60}$ erg and $\approx 3 - 6 \times 10^{45}$ erg s$^{-1}$, respectively, depending on the assumed geometrical configuration of the cavities. Thus, RBS 797 is apparently among the the most powerful AGN outbursts known in a cluster. The average mass accretion rate needed to power the AGN by accretion alone is $\sim 1 M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$. We show that accretion of cold gas onto the AGN at this level is plausible, but that Bondi accretion of the hot atmosphere is probably not. The BCG harbors an unresolved, non-thermal nuclear X-ray source with a bolometric luminosity of $\approx 2 \times 10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$. The nuclear emission is probably associated with a rapidly-accreting, radiatively inefficient accretion flow. We present tentative evidence that star formation in the BCG is being triggered by the radio jets and suggest that the cavities may be driving weak shocks ($M \sim 1.5$) into the ICM, similar to the process in the galaxy cluster MS 0735.6+7421.Comment: Accepted to ApJ; 20 pages, 11 low-resolution figure

A peculiar HI cloud near the distant globular cluster Pal 4

We present 21-cm observations of four Galactic globular clusters, as part of the on-going GALFA-HI Survey at Arecibo. We discovered a peculiar HI cloud in the vicinity of the distant (109 kpc) cluster Pal 4, and discuss its properties and likelihood of association with the cluster. We conclude that an association of the HI cloud and Pal 4 is possible, but that a chance coincidence between Pal 4 and a nearby compact high-velocity cloud cannot be ruled out altogether. New, more stringent upper limits were derived for the other three clusters: M 3, NGC 5466, and Pal 13. We briefly discuss the fate of globular cluster gas and the interaction of compact clouds with the Galactic Halo gas.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA

Interleukin‐22 and CD160 play additive roles in the host mucosal response to Clostridium difficile infection in mice

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110834/1/imm12414.pd

Galactic cosmic rays in the distant heliosphere

The small flotilla of spacecraft: Pioneers 10 and 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 (V1 and V2) that have traveled from 1 AU to the distant heliosphere continue the quest of Victor Hess to understand the nature of this radiation that comes to us from beyond the confines of our solar system. At this time V1 and V2 are traveling deeper into the heliosheath and approaching its outer boundary - the heliopause. In the heliosheath the intensity of 2.5 - 60 MeV GCR electrons has risen significantly above detector background levels and provides an important new diagnostic tool for exploring cosmic ray transport in this previously unexplored region of space. Over the past seven months the intensity of GCR ions and electrons at V1 have remained constant after a steady, 5.5 year exponential increase whose rate varied with particle species. Is this an indication that V1 is approaching the heliopause

Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 25, No. 1

• Pennsylvania German Tombstone Art of Lebanon County, Pennsylvania • Rain Day in Waynesburg, Pennsylvania • Non-Ordinary Stoneware Pieces from New Geneva and Greensboro, Pennsylvania • Pennsylvania German Astronomy and Astrology XIII: Conjunctions of 1683, 1694, and 1743 • The Social Context of Musical Instruments within the Pennsylvania German Culture • Tourism and the Amish Way of Life • Home Brewing Techniques: Folk-Cultural Questionnaire No. 41https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/1065/thumbnail.jp

Assessing the influence of the built environment on physical activity for utility and recreation in suburban metro Vancouver

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Physical inactivity and associated co-morbidities such as obesity and cardiovascular disease are estimated to have large societal costs. There is increasing interest in examining the role of the built environment in shaping patterns of physical activity. However, few studies have: (1) simultaneously examined physical activity for leisure and utility; (2) selected study areas with a range of built environment characteristics; and (3) assessed the built environment using high-resolution land use data.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data on individuals used for this study are from a survey of 1602 adults in selected sites across suburban Metro Vancouver. Four types of physical activity were assessed: walking to work/school, walking for errands, walking for leisure and moderate physical activity for exercise. The built environment was assessed by constructing one-kilometre road network buffers around each respondent's postal code. Measures of the built environment include terciles of recreational and park land, residential land, institutional land, commercial land and land use mix.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Logistic regression analyses showed that walking to work/school and moderate physical activity were not associated with any built environment measure. Living in areas with lower land use mix, lower commercial and lower recreational land increased the odds of low levels of walking for errands. Individuals living in the lower third of land use mix and institutional land were more likely to report low levels of walking for leisure.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results suggest that walking for errands and leisure have a greater association with the built environment than other dimensions of physical activity.</p

Response to comment on 'Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity'

Lambert et al. question our retrospective and holistic epidemiological assessment of the role of chytridiomycosis in amphibian declines. Their alternative assessment is narrow and provides an incomplete evaluation of evidence. Adopting this approach limits understanding of infectious disease impacts and hampers conservation efforts. We reaffirm that our study provides unambiguous evidence that chytridiomycosis has affected at least 501 amphibian species

Moment Closure - A Brief Review

Moment closure methods appear in myriad scientific disciplines in the modelling of complex systems. The goal is to achieve a closed form of a large, usually even infinite, set of coupled differential (or difference) equations. Each equation describes the evolution of one "moment", a suitable coarse-grained quantity computable from the full state space. If the system is too large for analytical and/or numerical methods, then one aims to reduce it by finding a moment closure relation expressing "higher-order moments" in terms of "lower-order moments". In this brief review, we focus on highlighting how moment closure methods occur in different contexts. We also conjecture via a geometric explanation why it has been difficult to rigorously justify many moment closure approximations although they work very well in practice.Comment: short survey paper (max 20 pages) for a broad audience in mathematics, physics, chemistry and quantitative biolog