Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute

The prevalence of myopia is increasing extensively worldwide. The number of people with myopia in 2020 is predicted to be 2.6 billion globally, which is expected to rise up to 4.9 billion by 2050, unless preventive actions and interventions are taken. The number of individuals with high myopia is also increasing substantially and pathological myopia is predicted to become the most common cause of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide and also in Europe. These prevalence estimates indicate the importance of reducing the burden of myopia by means of myopia control interventions to prevent myopia onset and to slow down myopia progression. Due to the urgency of the situation, the European Society of Ophthalmology decided to publish this update of the current information and guidance on management of myopia. The pathogenesis and genetics of myopia are also summarized and epidemiology, risk factors, preventive and treatment options are discussed in details

Le ali della farfalla [The Wings of a Butterfly]

This performance, conceived and directed by Andrea Cusumano and Marino Formenti, traces the story of the self-styled Count Carl von Cosel Tänze

Effects of position and open chest on lung and chest wall resistance during thoracic surgery

Introduction: Airway-pressure (Paw) based respiratory mechanics guides mechanical ventilation during anesthesia. However, altered properties of the chest wall may significantly influence the interpretation of Paw, especially in settings, in which an alteration of chest physiology occurs. Aim of the present study was to investigate the resistive behavior of lung and chest wall during different phases of thoracic surgery. Methods: Subjects undergoing thoracotomic pulmonary resection were enrolled. Double-lung ventilation (DLV): tidal volume (TV) 8 ml/kg, PEEP 8 cmH2O, FiO2 and respiratory rate to maintain SaO2 94-98% and EtCO2 30-35 mmHg. One-lung ventilation (OLV): TV 5 ml/kg and respiratory rate increased accordingly. Esophageal pressure was measured as a surrogate for pleural pressure. Maximal respiratory system resistance (Rmax,rs): difference of peak and plateau airway pressure divided by inspiratory flow. Rmax,rs includes flow resistance of airways (Rmin,rs) and that caused by stress relaxation/time constant inequalities within the tissues (DR,rs). Each resistance was partitioned into their respective lung/chest wall component (Rmax,l; Rmin,l; DR,l; Rmax,cw). Measurements were repeated during DLV in supine and lateral decubitus, OLV in lateral decubitus during closed and open chest conditions. Results: 20 patients were enrolled, 13 males (65%), age 68\ub110 years. Table 1 shows the changes of the partitioned resistances of lung and chest wall. All measurements are in cmH2O/L/sec. * p<0.05 vs previous step; \ua7 p<0.05 vs baseline. Conclusion: Paw-based monitoring of resistance during the different phases of thoracic surgery does not allow to differentiate the cause of an alteration. In this context, we suggest that partitioning of respiratory mechanics may give a deeper insight into the resistive behavior of the lung and the chest wall

A review of the physics of ice surface friction and the development of ice skating.

Our walking and running movement patterns require friction between shoes and ground. The surface of ice is characterised by low friction in several naturally occurring conditions, and compromises our typical locomotion pattern. Ice skates take advantage of this slippery nature of ice; the first ice skates were made more than 4000 years ago, and afforded the development of a very efficient form of human locomotion. This review presents an overview of the physics of ice surface friction, and discusses the most relevant factors that can influence ice skates' dynamic friction coefficient. It also presents the main stages in the development of ice skating, describes the associated implications for exercise physiology, and shows the extent to which ice skating performance improved through history. This article illustrates how technical and materials' development, together with empirical understanding of muscle biomechanics and energetics, led to one of the fastest forms of human powered locomotion

Myopia management algorithm. Annexe to the article titled Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute

Myopia is becoming increasingly common in young generations all over the world, and it is predicted to become the most common cause of blindness and visual impairment in later life in the near future. Because myopia can cause serious complications and vision loss, it is critical to create and prescribe effective myopia treatment solutions that can help prevent or delay the onset and progression of myopia. The scientific understanding of myopia's causes, genetic background, environmental conditions, and various management techniques, including therapies to prevent or postpone its development and slow its progression, is rapidly expanding. However, some significant information gaps exist on this subject, making it difficult to develop an effective intervention plan. As with the creation of this present algorithm, a compromise is to work on best practices and reach consensus among a wide number of specialists. The quick rise in information regarding myopia management may be difficult for the busy eye care provider, but it necessitates a continuing need to evaluate new research and implement it into daily practice. To assist eye care providers in developing these strategies, an algorithm has been proposed that covers all aspects of myopia mitigation and management. The algorithm aims to provide practical assistance in choosing and developing an effective myopia management strategy tailored to the individual child. It incorporates the latest research findings and covers a wide range of modalities, from primary, secondary, and tertiary myopia prevention to interventions that reduce the progression of myopia

Regionalization of the Atmospheric Dust Cycle on the Periphery of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet Since the Last Glacial Maximum

International audienceIce cores from inner East Antarctica provided some of the longest and most detailed climatic reconstructions and allowed understanding the relationships between atmospheric mineral dust and climate. In this work we present synchrotron radiation X‐ray Fluorescence geochemical data of dust from the TALDICE ice core drilled at Talos Dome, a peripheral ice dome of East Antarctica (Western Ross Sea). Results highlight a dominant southern South American origin for dust at TALDICE during the Last Glacial Maximum, similarly to other sites located further inland onto the polar plateau. On the contrary, a different scenario concerns Talos Dome during the Holocene if it is compared to more inner sites. The tight connection between high southern latitudes and Antarctica that characterizes cold climate stages becomes weaker since the onset of the last climatic transition and throughout the Holocene. The net effect of this process at Talos Dome is a modification of the atmospheric and environmental settings, owing to local Antarctic sources of Victoria Land to gain importance and become the dominant ones. At the same time in inner East Antarctica the provenance of dust remains remote also during Holocene, revealing an evolution of the homogeneous scenario observed in glacial periods. The enhanced sensitivity of peripheral ice sheet sites to local dust sources makes Talos Dome an ideal site to assess the climatic and atmospheric changes of the peripheral sectors of East Antarctica during the current interglacial period

Myopia Management Algorithm. Annex to the article titled Update and Guidance on Management of Myopia

Myopia is becoming increasingly common in young generations all over the world, and it is predicted to become the most common cause of blindness and visual impairment in later life in the near future. Because myopia can cause serious complications and vision loss, it is critical to create and prescribe effective myopia treatment solutions that can help prevent or delay the onset and progression of myopia. The scientific understanding of myopia's causes, genetic background, environmental conditions, and various management techniques, including therapies to prevent or postpone its development and slow its progression, is rapidly expanding. However, some significant information gaps exist on this subject, making it difficult to develop an effective intervention plan. As with the creation of this present algorithm, a compromise is to work on best practices and reach consensus among a wide number of specialists. The quick rise in information regarding myopia management may be difficult for the busy eye care provider, but it necessitates a continuing need to evaluate new research and implement it into daily practice. To assist eye care providers in developing these strategies, an algorithm has been proposed that covers all aspects of myopia mitigation and management. The algorithm aims to provide practical assistance in choosing and developing an effective myopia management strategies tailored to the individual child. It incorporates the latest research findings and covers a wide range of modalities, from primary, secondary, and tertiary myopia prevention to interventions that reduces the progression of myopia.</p