99 research outputs found
Tropheryma whipplei in Fecal Samples from Children, Senegal
We tested fecal samples from 150 healthy children 2â10 years of age who lived in rural Senegal and found the prevalence of Tropheryma whipplei was 44%. Unique genotypes were associated with this bacterium. Our findings suggest that T. whipplei is emerging as a highly prevalent pathogen in sub-Saharan Africa
Putative role of arthropod vectors in African swine fever virus transmission in relation to their bio-ecological properties
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important diseases in Suidae due to its significant health and socioeconomic consequences and represents a major threat to the European pig industry, especially in the absence of any available treatment or vaccine. In fact, with its high mortality rate and the subsequent trade restrictions imposed on affected countries, ASF can dramatically disrupt the pig industry in afflicted countries. In September 2018, ASF was unexpectedly identified in wild boars from southern Belgium in the province of Luxembourg, not far from the Franco-Belgian border. The French authorities rapidly commissioned an expert opinion on the risk of ASF introduction and dissemination into metropolitan France. In Europe, the main transmission routes of the virus comprise direct contact between infected and susceptible animals and indirect transmission through contaminated material or feed. However, the seasonality of the disease in some pig farms in Baltic countries, including outbreaks in farms with high biosecurity levels, have led to questions on the possible involvement of arthropods in the transmission of the virus. This review explores the current body of knowledge on the most common arthropod families present in metropolitan France. We examine their potential role in spreading ASFâby active biological or mechanical transmission or by passive transport or ingestionâin relation to their bio-ecological properties. It also highlights the existence of significant gaps in our knowledge on vector ecology in domestic and wild boar environments and in vector competence for ASFV transmission. Filling these gaps is essential to further understanding ASF transmission in order to thus implement appropriate management measures
Coxiella burnetii in Humans and Ticks in Rural Senegal
Q fever is a zoonotic disease known since 1937. The disease may be severe, causing pneumonia, hepatitis and endocarditis. Q fever agent has been described as a possible biological weapon. Animalsâespecially domestic cows, goats and sheepâare considered reservoirs for this infection. They are capable of sustaining the infection for long periods and excreting viable bacteria, infecting other animals and, occasionally, humans. Here we studied the distribution of Q fever in a poorly studied region, Senegal. We studied the agent of Q fever both in ticks parasitizing domestic animals and in humans (antibodies in serum, bacteria in feces, saliva and milk). We found from the studied regions the bacterium is highly prevalent in rural Senegal. Up to 37.6% of five different and most prevalent tick species may carry the bacterium. Humans living in such areas, as other mammals, may occasionally excrete Q fever agent through feces and milk
Genomic Species Are Ecological Species as Revealed by Comparative Genomics in Agrobacterium tumefaciens
The definition of bacterial species is based on genomic similarities, giving rise to the operational concept of genomic species, but the reasons of the occurrence of differentiated genomic species remain largely unknown. We used the Agrobacterium tumefaciens species complex and particularly the genomic species presently called genomovar G8, which includes the sequenced strain C58, to test the hypothesis of genomic species having specific ecological adaptations possibly involved in the speciation process. We analyzed the gene repertoire specific to G8 to identify potential adaptive genes. By hybridizing 25 strains of A. tumefaciens on DNA microarrays spanning the C58 genome, we highlighted the presence and absence of genes homologous to C58 in the taxon. We found 196 genes specific to genomovar G8 that were mostly clustered into seven genomic islands on the C58 genomeâone on the circular chromosome and six on the linear chromosomeâsuggesting higher plasticity and a major adaptive role of the latter. Clusters encoded putative functional units, four of which had been verified experimentally. The combination of G8-specific functions defines a hypothetical species primary niche for G8 related to commensal interaction with a host plant. This supports that the G8 ancestor was able to exploit a new ecological niche, maybe initiating ecological isolation and thus speciation. Searching genomic data for synapomorphic traits is a powerful way to describe bacterial species. This procedure allowed us to find such phenotypic traits specific to genomovar G8 and thus propose a Latin binomial, Agrobacterium fabrum, for this bona fide genomic species
Specific In Vivo Staining of Astrocytes in the Whole Brain after Intravenous Injection of Sulforhodamine Dyes
Fluorescent staining of astrocytes without damaging or interfering with normal brain functions is essential for intravital microscopy studies. Current methods involved either transgenic mice or local intracerebral injection of sulforhodamine 101. Transgenic rat models rarely exist, and in mice, a backcross with GFAP transgenic mice may be difficult. Local injections of fluorescent dyes are invasive. Here, we propose a non-invasive, specific and ubiquitous method to stain astrocytes in vivo. This method is based on iv injection of sulforhodamine dyes and is applicable on rats and mice from postnatal age to adulthood. The astrocytes staining obtained after iv injection was maintained for nearly half a day and showed no adverse reaction on astrocytic calcium signals or electroencephalographic recordings in vivo. The high contrast of the staining facilitates the image processing and allows to quantify 3D morphological parameters of the astrocytes and to characterize their network. Our method may become a reference for in vivo staining of the whole astrocytes population in animal models of neurological disorders
Azospirillum Genomes Reveal Transition of Bacteria from Aquatic to Terrestrial Environments
Fossil records indicate that life appeared in marine environments âŒ3.5 billion years ago (Gyr) and transitioned to terrestrial ecosystems nearly 2.5 Gyr. Sequence analysis suggests that âhydrobacteriaâ and âterrabacteriaâ might have diverged as early as 3 Gyr. Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum are associated with roots of terrestrial plants; however, virtually all their close relatives are aquatic. We obtained genome sequences of two Azospirillum species and analyzed their gene origins. While most Azospirillum house-keeping genes have orthologs in its close aquatic relatives, this lineage has obtained nearly half of its genome from terrestrial organisms. The majority of genes encoding functions critical for association with plants are among horizontally transferred genes. Our results show that transition of some aquatic bacteria to terrestrial habitats occurred much later than the suggested initial divergence of hydro- and terrabacterial clades. The birth of the genus Azospirillum approximately coincided with the emergence of vascular plants on land
Figures and destinies of psychic erasure : process and topics of psychic erasure
Ce travail de thĂšse propose une rĂ©flexion sur lâeffacement psychique qui conduit Ă aborder cet Ă©tat de retrait, dĂ©crit par de nombreux auteurs dans la clinique de lâautisme ou de la psychose, comme le rĂ©sultat dâun processus dâeffacement psychique, dĂ©celable au-delĂ des cliniques sus-nommĂ©es, dans celles relevant des souffrances narcissiques-identitaires.Ce processus organisĂ© selon trois temps, articule le temps du traumatisme du a des expĂ©riences archaĂŻques ayant soumis le sujet Ă des vĂ©cus catastrophiques dâeffacement psychique, le temps de la dĂ©fense qui sâinstalle paradoxalement comme une rĂ©utilisation de lâeffacement psychique pour survivre Ă ces vĂ©cus et Ă leur retour dans lâactuel sous lâeffet de leur rĂ©actualisation sous forme hallucinatoire dans lâactuel du sujet et de la crĂ©ation dâun espace psychique dâeffacement tĂ©moignant dâune organisation du moi consĂ©cutive Ă ces deux premiers temps. Ce processus organisant le moi va tĂ©moigner dâune topique de lâeffacement psychique, dans laquelle lâeffacement, tĂ©moin des modalitĂ©s la rencontre archaĂŻque traumatique entre le sujet et son objet primaire, qui va devenir une modĂ©lisation du rapport du sujet Ă lui-mĂȘme, Ă son environnement, Ă lâautre, un lieu de rencontre et dâattente quâadvienne ce qui nâa pas eu lieu pour le sujet, afin que celui-ci puisse rĂ©intĂ©grer les pans perdus de sa subjectivitĂ© sous lâeffet de lâeffacement. En cela ce travail propose dâĂ©lever lâeffacement psychique au rang de concept psychanalytique.This thesis work proposes a reflection on psychic erasure which leads to the approach of this state of withdrawal, described by many authors in the clinic of autism or psychosis, as the result of a process of psychic erasure, detectable beyond the above-mentioned clinics, in those dealing with narcissistic-identity suffering.This process, organised in three stages, articulates the time of trauma due to archaic experiences that have subjected the subject to catastrophic experiences of psychic erasure, the time of the defense which settles paradoxically as a reuse of the psychological erasure to survive these lived experiences and their return in the present under the effect of their re-actualization in hallucinatory form in the present of the subject and the creation of a psychological space of erasure testifying to an organization of the self consecutive to these first two times. This process organising the self will testify to a topicality of the psychic erasure, in which the erasure, witnessing the modalities of the archaic traumatic encounter between the subject and his primary object, will become a model of the subject's relationship to himself, to his environment, to the other, a place of encounter and of waiting for what has not happened for the subject, so that he can reintegrate the lost parts of his subjectivity under the effect of the erasure. In this respect, this work proposes to raise psychic erasure to the rank of a psychoanalytical concept
Impact du stage en maisons de santé pluri professionnelles chez les internes en médecine générale de Bourgogne
Les MSP se dĂ©veloppent en Bourgogne, permettant un exercice regroupĂ© et facilitant les coopĂ©rations professionnelles. Elles espĂšrent offrir un cadre d exercice adaptĂ© aux attentes de jeunes mĂ©decins pour maintenir une offre de soins adaptĂ©e aux besoins de la population. Objectif : dĂ©terminer si le stage en MSP des internes bourguignons en mĂ©decine gĂ©nĂ©rale leur permet de connaitre les spĂ©cificitĂ©s de cet exercice et s il modifie leur projet professionnel. MĂ©thode : Etude descriptive transversale rĂ©alisĂ©e en avril 2013 interrogeant par un questionnaire l ensemble des internes ayant rĂ©alisĂ© un stage en MSP (praticien ou SASPAS), entre mai 2011 et avril 2013, en Bourgogne, Ă propos de leurs connaissances sur les MSP et de leur projet professionnel. RĂ©sultats : La population comptait 45 internes. Parmi les 40 stages Ă©tudiĂ©s, 70 % Ă©taient des stages chez le praticien, rĂ©alisĂ©s en zone rurale. Le stage permet de dĂ©couvrir l exercice coordonnĂ© et protocolĂ© autour d un projet de santĂ©. La pluri professionalitĂ©, le travail collectif et l amĂ©lioration de la qualitĂ© des soins sont les Ă©lĂ©ments emblĂ©matiques du travail en MSP pour les internes. 60 % envisageraient de s installer en MSP et 20 % ont modifiĂ© leur projet d installation aprĂšs le stage. L organisation en groupe, la possibilitĂ© d Ă©changes interprofessionnels et l amĂ©lioration de la pratique les attirent mĂȘme s ils craignent les charges financiĂšre de ces structures. Conclusion : Notre Ă©tude montre l impact positif d un stage en MSP qui permet de connaitre l exercice coordonnĂ© et pluridisciplinaire en soins primaires. Notre Ă©tude montre l'intĂ©rĂȘt des internes pour cet exercice qui rĂ©pond Ă leurs attentes pour l installation. Les MSP apparaissent comme des lieux privilĂ©giĂ©s de formation en mĂ©decine gĂ©nĂ©rale.DIJON-BU MĂ©decine Pharmacie (212312103) / SudocSudocFranceF
Epargne morphinique et tolérance du néfopam versus paracétamol dans les laparotomies en chirurgie gynécologique
Objectifs : Comparer l'efficacité analgésique et la tolérance du néfopam par rapport au paracétamol, tous deux administrés par voie injectable au décours de laparotomies en chirurgie gynécologique. Tvpe d'étude : Etude prospective, monocentrique, randomisée, en simple aveugle. Méthodes : AprÚs accord du Comité de Protection des Personnes Est III et obtention de leur consentement éclairé, 120 patientes, ASA 1 à 3 étaient opérées d'une chirurgie gynécologique programmée par laparotomie. Un premier groupe recevait 20 mg de néfopam administré sur 30 min toutes les 4 heures (Groupe néfopam), le second recevait du paracétamol injectable à la dose de 1 g sur 15 min toutes les 6 heures (Groupe paracétamol). L'analgésie était complétée par de la morphine en administration contrÎlée par la patiente (ACP). Le critÚre principal d'évaluation était la consommation cumulée de morphine à la 24Úme heure dans chaque groupe. La dose de morphine titrée en SSPI, les scores de douleur (EVA) au repos, à la toux ainsi que les effets secondaires des premiÚres 24 heures étaient collectés toutes 4 les heures. Résultats : La dose de morphine titrée en SSPI, les scores de douleur et l'incidence des effets secondaires, notamment les nausées et vomissements n'étaient pas significativement différents entre les deux groupes. En revanche, les demandes de bolus et la consommation de morphine cumulée étaient significativement moins importantes dans le groupe néfopam par rapport au groupe paracétamol (p < 0,05). Conclusion : Le néfopam permet une épargne morphinique en post opératoire d'une laparotomie gynécologique par rapport au paracétamol. Il possÚde également une excellente tolérance clinique sans majoration des effets secondaires. Son utilisation dans le cadre· de l'analgésie multimodale est donc justifiée dans ce type de chirurgie.NANCY1-SCD Medecine (545472101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF
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