Memorie di guerra. Verso la riapertura del Bunker della Prefettura e della Torre delle Sirene di Milano

L’articolo tratta del percorso avviato da Città Metropolitana di Milano, in sinergia con il Politecnico di Milano, per restituire alla cittadinanza la Torre delle Sirene – sede della centrale di comando dell’allarme antiaereo della città di Milano – e il Bunker della Prefettura. Si tratta di due manufatti, comunicanti tra loro, particolarmente significativi per il ricordo della seconda guerra mondiale e, soprattutto, della vita quotidiana dei civili sotto assedio, condizione che ancora oggi accomuna numerose popolazioni nel mondo. Entrambi gli edifici sono in stato di abbandono e degrado da diversi anni, ma permangono ancora diverse tracce del passato utilizzo. Il percorso di riapertura appare oggi complesso, sia per i caratteri tecno-tipologici e localizzativi, che per la mancanza di risorse dedicate. L’obiettivo è la trasformazione dell’ex-centro nevralgico del sistema milanese di allerta antiaerea, in epicentro di un nuovo sistema di allerta collettivo sul tema della guerra, che operi proprio attraverso la memoria degli eventi passati. Inoltre, questo potrebbe divenire il polo del più ampio e diffuso sistema del patrimonio dei rifugi cittadini: un network di beni tangibili e intangibili, organizzati secondo una logica comune di valorizzazione della memoria, per far crescere la cultura della pace e realizzare un itinerario culturale nella città fondato sui valori della Storia.The paper concerns the project, promoted by Metropolitan city and Polytechnic university of Milan, of returning to public use Torre delle Sirene – seat of the Milan air-raid alert control unit – and Bunker della Prefettura. Two buildings connected to each other and very significant as memories of the Second World War and, most of all, of the ordinary life of civilian people under siege, a condition still regarding so many people around the world at present. Both the buildings have been neglected and deteriorated since a few years, but they still preserve traces of the past use. The reopening project is difficult due both to the typological and location characters of the buildings and to the lack of available financial resources. The objective of the project is to transform the former central point of the air-raid defence system into the epicentre of a new collective alert system on the topic of war, operating through memories of the past. Moreover, this could become the centre of a wider and widespread heritage system of local air-raid shelters: a network of material and immaterial goods organized by the common logic of enhancing memory, in order to strengthen the culture of peace and realize in the city a cultural itinerary based on historical values

Evaluation of sustainable feeds for “caviar” production in the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816)

To improve the sustainability of aquaculture practices, a step towards the use of alternative nutrient sources (such as food processing discards) may secure the future of aquaculture sector, namely for emergent species, such as sea urchins. In this context, adult females of the commercial sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus were reared using four feeds based on lettuce discards (72%) and enriched (8%) with an animal-source ingredient (fish Sardina pilchardus, Feed-S; krill Euphausia superba, Feed-K; mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, Feed-M; anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus discards, Feed-AD). A fifth feed, used as control treatment, was composed of macroalgae (Laminaria sp. and Ulva sp., Feed-UL). Feed performance was evaluated employing a new productive protocol, the Raking method, which propose testing feed effects on sea urchin caviar (oocytes rather than gonads) production. Thus, ingestion rates and absorption efficiency were measured to evaluate feed palatability. Somatic growth and caviar production, expressed introducing the ovosomatic index (OI) instead of the traditional gonadosomantic index, were measured to assess feed productive performances. Caviar quality was assessed by nutritional content and color. Ingestion rate results showed that all feeds were palatable, while findings on absorption efficiency showed differences between the five proposed feeds, with Feed-M and Feed-AD presenting the worst results. Somatic growth was promoted regardless the provided feeds, while OI resulted higher with Feed-K and Feed-M than the other feeds. All produced caviar resulted suitable for human consumption with high protein and fatty acid content, but caviar produced by Feed-UL showed the poorest nutritional profile. Similarly, Feed-UL led to the production of caviar with the lowest quality color, while Feed-S showed the best orange color. Lettuce-based feeds were therefore effective for feeding P. lividus as they stimulated production of high quality caviar. Findings support the exploitation of food discards for the production of eco-friendly feeds for sea urchin aquaculture

Evaluating sea cucumbers as extractive species for benthic bioremediation in mussel farms

Filter-feeding mussels blend suspended particles into faeces and pseudo-faeces enhancing organic matter flows between the water column and the bottom, and strengthening benthic-pelagic coupling. Inside operating farms, high bivalve densities in relatively confined areas result in an elevated rate of organic sinking to the seabed, which may cause a localized impact in the immediate surrounding. Deposit-feeding sea cucumbers are potentially optimal candidates to bioremediate mussel organic waste, due to their ability to process organic-enriched sediments impacted by aquaculture waste. However, although the feasibility of this polyculture has been investigated for a few Indo-Pacific species, little is known about Atlanto-Mediterranean species. Hence, for the first time, in the present study, we conducted a comparative investigation on the suitability of different Mediterranean sea cucumber species, to be reared in Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) with mussels. A pilot-scale experiment was accomplished operating within a mussel farm where two sea cucumbers species, Holothuria tubulosa and Holothuria polii, were caged beneath the long-line mussel farm of Mytilus galloprovincialis. After four months, H. tubulosa showed high survivorship (94%) and positive somatic growth (6.07%); conversely H. polii showed negative growth (- 25.37%), although 92% of specimens survived. Furthermore, sea cucumber growth was size-dependent. In fact, smaller individuals, independently from the species, grew significantly faster than larger ones. These results evidenced a clear difference in the suitability of the two sea cucumber species for IMTA with M. galloprovincialis, probably due to their different trophic ecology (feeding specialization on different microhabitats, i.e. different sediment layers). Specifically, H. tubulosa seems to be an optimal candidate as extractive species both for polycultures production and waste bioremediation in M. galloprovincialis operating farms

The effect of intrinsic magnetic order on electrochemical water splitting

To reach a long term viable green hydrogen economy, rational design of active oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is critical. An important hurdle in this reaction originates from the fact that the reactants are singlet molecules, whereas the oxygen molecule has a triplet ground state with parallel spin alignment, implying that magnetic order in the catalyst is essential. Accordingly, multiple experimentalists reported a positive effect of external magnetic fields on OER activity of ferromagnetic catalysts. However, it remains a challenge to investigate the influence of the intrinsic magnetic order on catalytic activity. Here, we tuned the intrinsic magnetic order of epitaxial La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 thin film model catalysts from ferro- to paramagnetic by changing the temperature in situ during water electrolysis. Using this strategy, we show that ferromagnetic ordering below the Curie temperature enhances OER activity. Moreover, we show a slight current density enhancement upon application of an external magnetic field and find that the dependence of magnetic field direction correlates with the magnetic anisotropy in the catalyst film. Our work, thus, suggests that both the intrinsic magnetic order in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 films and magnetic domain alignment increase their catalytic activity. We observe no long-range magnetic order at the catalytic surface, implying that the OER enhancement is connected to the magnetic order of the bulk catalyst. Combining the effects found with existing literature, we propose a unifying picture for the spin-polarized enhancement in magnetic oxide catalysts.</p

Beyond domain alignment: Revealing the effect of intrinsic magnetic order on electrochemical water splitting

To reach a long term viable green hydrogen economy, rational design of active oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is critical. An important hurdle in this reaction originates from the fact that the reactants are singlet molecules, whereas the oxygen molecule has a triplet ground state with parallel spin alignment, implying that magnetic order in the catalyst is essential. Accordingly, multiple experimentalists reported a positive effect of external magnetic fields on OER activity of ferromagnetic catalysts. However, it remains a challenge to investigate the influence of the intrinsic magnetic order on catalytic activity. Here, we tuned the intrinsic magnetic order of epitaxial La$_{0.67}$Sr$_{0.33}$MnO$_{3}$ thin film model catalysts from ferro- to paramagnetic by changing the temperature in-situ during water electrolysis. Using this strategy, we show that ferromagnetic ordering below the Curie temperature enhances OER activity. Moreover, we show a slight current density enhancement upon application of an external magnetic field and find that the dependence of magnetic field direction correlates with the magnetic anisotropy in the catalyst film. Our work thus suggests that both the intrinsic magnetic order in La$_{0.67}$Sr$_{0.33}$MnO$_{3}$ films and magnetic domain alignment increase their catalytic activity. We observe no long-range magnetic order at the catalytic surface, implying that the OER enhancement is connected to the magnetic order of the bulk catalyst. Combining the effects found with existing literature, we propose a unifying picture for the spin-polarized enhancement in magnetic oxide catalysts.Comment: The following article will be submitted to Applied Physics Reviews. Main text (incl. references) 19 pages, 8 figures. Supplementary text 9 pages, 13 figure

An element through the looking glass: Exploring the Au-C, Au-H and Au-O energy landscape

Gold, the archetypal “noble metal”, used to be considered of little interest in catalysis. It is now clear that this was a misconception, and a multitude of gold-catalysed transformations has been reported. However, one consequence of the long-held view of gold as inert metal is that its organometallic chemistry contains many “unknowns”, and catalytic cycles devised to explain gold's reactivity draw largely on analogies with other transition metals. How realistic are such mechanistic assumptions? In the last few years a number of key compound classes have been discovered that can provide some answers. This Perspective attempts to summarise these developments, with particular emphasis on recently discovered gold(III) complexes with bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, alkenes and CO ligands

Artificial reproduction of Holothuria polii: A new candidate for aquaculture

Holothuria polii (Delle Chiaje, 1823) is a common Mediterranean sea cucumber and has recently become a highly exploited target species destined mainly to the Asian markets. Unregulated harvesting is putting the natural stocks at risk, with potential consequences for the benthic communities to which these organisms belong. In response aquaculture, sea ranching and restocking could become solutions to this issue in the Mediterranean region. In this study, we present the first results on artificial breeding of H. polii, describing the spawning induction, larval development and early juvenile growth in hatchery cultures, our goal is to develop a rearing protocol for this species. The trials were conducted between July and September 2016. Holothuria polii was induced to spawn by testing two different methods. The thermal shock proved a simple and effective method for obtaining healthy gametes from this species. Larval development in H. polii progressed through five stages, reaching the pentactula stage in 10 days. Three different microalgal feeding regimens were tested for larval breeding; the higher feeding concentration 20,000-40,000 cells mL(-1) proved to be the best, with 14% of the larvae metamorphosed into settled juveniles by adhering to the artificial substrates at 15 days. Our results indicate that H. polii performs very well in the hatchery rearing during the larval and juvenile phases; this indicates that this species could be a valuable new candidate for aquaculture in the Mediterranean region both for production and for restocking purposes