Gestão e trabalho pedagógico durante a pandemia de Covid-19

Trata-se de estudo qualitativo que buscou compreender o desenvolvimento da gestão e do trabalho pedagógico de escolas públicas do Distrito Federal (DF), em contexto pandêmico. Os dados foram obtidos entre outubro de 2021 e março de 2022, por meio de questionários no Google Forms. Participaram do estudo professores, coordenadores pedagógicos, especialistas em educação e gestores escolares. Em termos teórico-filosóficos, compreende-se a educação básica pública no âmbito dos direitos sociais, coexistindo com as expectativas dos mercadores, financistas e big techs e, ao mesmo tempo, com as relações de poder travadas em instituições políticas e sociais. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam as limitações da escola pública durante a pandemia, a intensificação do trabalho dos gestores, mas também seu reconhecimento como instituição social da comunidade local. Reafirma-se que a escola não se reduz à educação escolar, pois é um espaço público de formação, socialização e garantia de direitos humanos, sociais e digitais

Internacionalização da educação: tendências globais e desafios nacionais

Na atualidade, especialistas em educação têm se dedicado ao debate relativo à existência de políticas educacionais nacionais à luz de padrões e conceitos trazidos pela globalização. Este dossiê temático mostra que apesar das pressões e orientações exercidas pela globalização neoliberal e pelas Organizações Internacionais (OIs), ainda existe espaço para as políticas educacionais nacionais que levam em conta a vinculação histórica da educação, as relações de força no espaço educacional e as dinâmicas específicas dos atores educacionais (professores, pesquisadores, técnico-administrativos, gestores, etc.). Em nível nacional e internacional os pesquisadores têm se debruçado, a partir de diferentes quadros teóricos e abordagens metodológicas, em compreender o fenômeno que neste dossiê denominaremos de internacionalização da educação. A diversidade de enfoques, perspectivas de análises e terminologias adotadas refletem a complexidade do tema, como podemos observar nos estudos desenvolvidos por Bourdon (2002); Laval e Weber (2002); Dale (2004); Robertson e Dale (2002); Beech (2006, 2009, 2012); Akkari (2011); Lauwerier e Akkari (2011); Costa (2015); Oliveira (2020); Ball (2020); Verger (2019); Shiroma (2020), entre outros

Formação continuada de gestores de escolas públicas do Distrito Federal : fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos

Faculdade de Educação (FE)Departamento de Políticas Públicas e Gestão da Educação (FE PGE

O ESTÁGIO SUPERVISIONADO NOS PROJETOS PEDAGÓGICOS DE CURSOS DE LICENCIATURA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA

In this paper we present the results of the first part of a research developed at the University of Brasília (UnB), sponsored by the Office of Undergraduate Studies, which aimed at studying the limits and potencials of supervised internship in the licentiate courses of that institution regarding teacher’s professionality (ROLDÃO 2005; RIOS, 2010; CRUZ, 2017). After a review both the literature and the legal basis concerned, the present study analyses how internships are dealt with in the Pedagogical Projects of six licentiate courses at the University of Brasília: Pedagogy, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physical Education and History. Despite clear efforts of licentiate courses to comply with legislation there are striking differences in internship programs among courses, which demonstrates the need of discussion and building of an institutional internship project, with due respect to the particularities of each field of knowledge.En este artículo, presentamos los resultados de la primera etapa de una investigación desarrollada en la Universidad de Brasilia (UnB), con apoyo financiero del Decanato de Enseñanza de Graduación (DEG), que tuvo como objetivo estudiar los límites y potencialidades de las prácticas supervisadas en cursos de grado en esta institución para la construcción de la profesionalidad docente (ROLDÃO 2005; RIOS, 2010; CRUZ, 2017). El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar, a partir de la revisión de la literatura y marcos legales sobre el tema, cómo se organizan las pasantías en los Proyectos Pedagógicos de seis cursos de pregrado en la Universidad de Brasilia, a saber: Pedagogía, Física, Química, Matemáticas, Educación Física e Historia. A pesar del evidente esfuerzo de las carreras de graduación de la UnB por adecuarse a la legislación vigente, son notables las diferencias en las propuestas de pasantías entre las carreras, lo que demuestra la necesidad de discusión y construcción de un proyecto institucional para la pasantía, respetando las particularidades de cada área de conocimiento.Neste artigo, apresenta-se os resultados de uma pesquisa desenvolvida na Universidade de Brasília (UnB), com apoio financeiro do Decanato de Ensino de Graduação (DEG), que teve como objetivo estudar os limites e potencialidades dos estágios supervisionados nos cursos de licenciatura dessa instituição para a construção da profissionalidade docente (ROLDÃO 2005; RIOS, 2010; CRUZ, 2017). Propõe-se a analisar, a partir da revisão da literatura e dos marcos legais sobre a temática, como os estágios estão dispostos nos Projetos Pedagógicos de seis cursos de licenciatura da Universidade de Brasília, quais sejam: Pedagogia, Física, Química, Matemática, Educação Física e História. Apesar do evidente esforço dos cursos de licenciatura da UnB para se adequarem à legislação vigente, são notáveis as diferenças nas propostas de estágios entre os cursos, o que demonstra a necessidade de discussão e construção de um projeto institucional para o estágio, ainda que respeitando as particularidades de cada área de conhecimento

Uma visão abrangente acerca do diagnóstico e do gerenciamento clínico da Doença Celíaca

A Doença Celíaca (DC) é uma condição autoimune desencadeada pela ingestão de glúten em indivíduos geneticamente predispostos, levando a danos na mucosa do intestino delgado e uma ampla gama de manifestações clínicas. Embora sua prevalência global seja estimada em cerca de 1%, muitos casos permanecem subdiagnosticados, o que é influenciado por fatores como geografia, genética e demografia. A DC pode se manifestar em qualquer idade, apresentando sintomas gastrointestinais e extraintestinais, tornando o diagnóstico um desafio. O tratamento principal é a adesão estrita a uma dieta sem glúten, mas isso enfrenta obstáculos, incluindo desafios sociais, econômicos e psicológicos. Além disso, a não adesão à dieta pode resultar em complicações graves, como osteoporose e câncer intestinal. Portanto, a conscientização, a pesquisa e o aprofundamento dos mecanismos patogênicos são essenciais para melhorar o diagnóstico, o manejo e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com DC. O alto custo da dieta sem glúten e as implicações psicossociais são desafios adicionais que precisam ser abordados. Portanto, uma abordagem multidisciplinar que envolve profissionais de saúde, pesquisa contínua e conscientização é fundamental para enfrentar os desafios da DC e melhorar o prognóstico dos pacientes afetados

Genomic history of coastal societies from eastern South America

Sambaqui (shellmound) societies are among the most intriguing archaeological phenomena in pre-colonial South America, extending from approximately 8,000 to 1,000 years before present (yr bp) across 3,000 km on the Atlantic coast. However, little is known about their connection to early Holocene hunter-gatherers, how this may have contributed to different historical pathways and the processes through which late Holocene ceramists came to rule the coast shortly before European contact. To contribute to our understanding of the population history of indigenous societies on the eastern coast of South America, we produced genome-wide data from 34 ancient individuals as early as 10,000 yr bp from four different regions in Brazil. Early Holocene hunter-gatherers were found to lack shared genetic drift among themselves and with later populations from eastern South America, suggesting that they derived from a common radiation and did not contribute substantially to later coastal groups. Our analyses show genetic heterogeneity among contemporaneous Sambaqui groups from the southeastern and southern Brazilian coast, contrary to the similarity expressed in the archaeological record. The complex history of intercultural contact between inland horticulturists and coastal populations becomes genetically evident during the final horizon of Sambaqui societies, from around 2,200 yr bp, corroborating evidence of cultural change

Educación Superior y Pandemia. Aprendizajes y buenas prácticas en Iberoamérica

La aportación actual no entra en analizar aspectos generales de la pandemia (naturaleza, origen, extensión general y en el país, etc.) o de otras situaciones que se derivan del confinamiento, por considerar que son suficientemente conocidos. Tampoco pretende realizar una recensión de informes sobre la temática elaborados por organismos como la UNESCO-IESALC, el Banco Mundial, el BID o la CRUE y revisar las aportaciones de investigadores de la temática. Más bien trata de aportar concreciones y dimensiones prácticas de la Educación Superior de cada país que puedan ayudar en los aspectos de organización y gestión de estas instituciones. En este sentido considera aspectos referidos a: (1) Desarrollo de las enseñanzas: alteraciones en la duración y estructura de los títulos; modificaciones de objetivos, metodologías y sistemas de evaluación; atención a colectivos vulnerables; etc.(2) Organización institucional: atención a las personas (gestión del alumnado, profesorado y personal de administración y servicios, rol de los directivos, etc.); infraestructuras; desarrollo de procesos (matriculación, gestión administrativa y económica, etc.); y resultados (académicos como tasa de aprobados, nivel de abandono u otros; y no académicos). (3) Vinculación con el entorno: actuaciones de y con la comunidad o colaboraciones significativas. Incluye el escrito de cada país con referencias y reflexiones sobre los anteriores aspectos, así como algunas experiencias de interés y, por último, reflexiones, valoraciones y retos sobre la gestión en los momentos de confinamiento y reapertura, con la idea de identificar aprendizajes significativos y orientaciones de cara a la actuación en la situación actual y similares que se puedan producir en el futuro. Las diferentes aportaciones se centran en la enseñanza universitaria, incluyendo los estudios superiores, que en muchos países tienen gran importancia y desarrollo, y tratan de proporcionar una visión general de los diferentes países sin obviar descender a las particularidades concretas que exigen el identificar buenas prácticas o medidas específicas de organización y desarrollo de la formación. Hablamos del trabajo de 41 especialistas de 13países iberoamericanos que permiten conocer y analizar las actuaciones por países, pero también realizar un estudio de las iniciativas que se han tomado en todos los países considerando algunos de los tópicos que considera el Informe. En todo caso, cabe destacar la actualidad y trascendencia del tema y la rapidez por trasladar a la sociedad un Informe detallado sobre las actuaciones universitarias existentes y sus resultados

Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2\ub75th percentile and 100 as the 97\ub75th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59\ub74 (IQR 35\ub74–67\ub73), ranging from a low of 11\ub76 (95% uncertainty interval 9\ub76–14\ub70) to a high of 84\ub79 (83\ub71–86\ub77). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning