ArchaeDyn. Dynamique spatiale du peuplement et ressources naturelles : vers une analyse intégrée dans le long terme, de la Préhistoire au Moyen Âge,. ACI Espaces et territoires (contrat ET28, 2005-2007)

Rapport de fin de contrat ACIRapport de fin de contrat d'ACIProject final repor

Transplantation of Neurospheres Derived from Genetically Modified Adult Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Following a Controlled Cortical Impact (CCI): Effects on Transplant Survival and Behavioral Recovery

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects thousands of individuals annually who have limited options for treatment. The use of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (BMSC) has therapeutic potential, free from ethical ramifications. Previous transplant studies have grafted naive BMSCs into injured brain tissue or infused them intraventricularly (i.v.) with varying results (Bonilla 2012, Osani 2012, Bakhitany 2010, Li 2009).. In this study, we transplanted Notch-induced rat BMSCs (BMSC-NICD) with properties of neuroprogenitor-like cells, into the rat controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI. Adult rat BMSC were harvested from femur and tibia of adult Fischer 344 rats. These cells were further transfected with the intracellular domain of the Notch1 (NICD) gene and the neomycin resistance gene to generate BMSC-NICD cells. Cells effective transfected with the NICD were selected for resistance to G418. Following selection, BMSC-NICD were infected with lentivirus harboring green fluorescent protein (GFP) and grown under non-adherent conditions to promote formation of Nestin-expressing neurospheres. Adult male Fisher 344 rats (n=8) were injected with BMSC-NICD-derived neurospheres on day 7 following unilateral CCI of the forelimb sensorimotor cortex. Two injections were made posterior to the injured cortex or within the dorsolateral striatum (25,000 cells/μl at 2 μl/injection totaling 100,000 cells/rat). Transplanted BMSC-NICD neurospheres were examined for: 1) survival, 2) effect on contusion size, and 3) effect on behavioral functions. Limb use and foot fault behavioral tests were performed to examine deficits in and possible recovery of forelimb function following CCI in transplanted rats compared to CCI only rats (n=4). A baseline measurement was taken at day 0 before CCI. Following, CCI, behavioral tests were performed at day 5 (pre- transplant), and day 12 (5 days post-transplant). Rats were euthanized on day 14 and brains were sectioned and examined for surviving GFP+ cells and for cortical volume. All rats showed marked impairment of the forelimb contralateral to the injury on day 5. Both cortical and striatal transplants enhanced behavioral recovery of forelimb function compared to CCI only rats by day 12. Survival of transplanted cells was seen in both areas; however, rats with cortical transplants showed decreased numbers of GFP+ cells compared to rats with striatal transplants. Transplantation of cells did not affect lesion size as inferred from total cortical volume. This pilot study suggests that transplantation of neurospheres derived from BMSC-NICD neurospheres at the site of injury and/or in subcortical targets decreases behavioral impairments. Also, subcortical targets such as the striatum, rather than the site of cortical contusion, appear to be a better site for transplant survival

Microcirculatory alterations induced by sedation in intensive care patients. Effects of midazolam alone and in association with sufentanil

INTRODUCTION: Sedation is widely used in intensive care unit (ICU) patients to limit the risk of pulmonary barotrauma and to decrease oxygen needs. However, adverse effects of cc5128sedation have not been fully evaluated; in particular, effects of benzodiazepine and opiates on microcirculation have not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microcirculatory effects of a sedation protocol commonly prescribed in the ICU. METHODS: Ten non-septic patients under controlled ventilation requiring sedation for therapeutic purposes were enrolled in a prospective observational study conducted in an ICU of a university hospital. Sedation was conducted in two successive steps: first, each patient received midazolam (0.1 mg/kg per hour after a bolus of 0.05 mg/kg, then adapted to reach a Ramsay score of between 3 and 5). Second, after one hour, sufentanil was added (0.1 μg/kg per hour after a bolus of 0.1 μg/kg). Arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output determined by transthoracic impedance, transcutaneous oxygen (tcPO(2)) and carbon dioxide (tcPCO(2)) pressures, and microcirculatory blood flow determined by laser Doppler flowmetry at rest and during a reactive hyperaemia challenge were measured before sedation (NS period), one hour after midazolam infusion (H period), and one hour after midazolam-sufentanil infusion (HS period). RESULTS: Arterial pressure decreased in both sedation periods, but heart rate, cardiac output, tcPO(2), and tcPCO(2 )remained unchanged. In both sedation periods, microcirculatory changes occurred with an increase in cutaneous blood flow at rest (H period: 207 ± 25 perfusion units [PU] and HS period: 205 ± 25 PU versus NS period: 150 ± 22 PU, p < 0.05), decreased response to ischaemia (variation of blood flow to peak: H period: 97 ± 16 PU and HS period: 73 ± 9 PU versus NS period: 141 ± 14 PU, p < 0.05), and attenuation of vasomotion. CONCLUSION: Sedation with midazolam or a combination of midazolam and sufentanil induces a deterioration of vasomotion and microvascular response to ischaemia, raising the question of whether this effect may further alter tissue perfusion when already compromised, as in septic patients

La part de l’indigène et du vernaculaire dans les textes des arpenteurs romains

RésuméParce que les textes des arpenteurs romains sont des textes qui commentent des situations locales observées lors de la révision d’archives fiscales, et non pas des textes modélisant la planification agraire en vue de l’assignation, on pose l’hypothèse qu’ils sont de bons témoins de situations concrètes : mesures locales, modes de bornage, délimitation des terres dites occupées et des terres soumises au vectigal, prise en compte de la mobilité des paysages sous l’effet de l’alluvionnement, respect des variétés locales d’arbres et de végétaux, notion, assez étrange, de « comparaison des cultures ». Il est donc précieux que les arpenteurs aient consacré de longs développements à décrire ce paysage agraire local, si variable dans le temps et dans l’espace. Leurs textes montrent un caractère qu’on ne leur reconnaissait pas : ils sont une source tant sur le paysage agraire antique que sur l’arpentage et sur la division des terres à assigner aux colons.AbstractSince Roman surveyors’ texts comment on local situations observed during reassessments for taxes (and do not make maps for distributing land), they will, it is hypothesized, provide sound evidence about : local measures, the consideration given to local varieties of plants and trees, a rather strange notion of “comparing cultivation methods”, and the means for marking boundaries or delimiting so-called occupied plots and land subject to the “vectigal” and for taking into account how alluvial deposits model landscapes. These long descriptions by surveyors of local farming landscapes, which varied over time and space, are precious. These texts have an as yet unrecognized quality : they contain information as much about ancient farm landscapes as about surveying and dividing land into plots for distribution to settlers

Les unités sémiotiques temporelles

Les Unités Sémiotiques Temporelles sont des fragments sonores qui, même hors de leur contexte musical, possèdent une signification temporelle due à leur organisation.Temporal Semiotic Units are sound fragments that, even out of their musical context, have a temporal signification due to their morphological organization

Photoreceptors UVR8 and phytochrome B cooperate to optimize plant growth and defense in patchy canopies

Light is a critical source of information for plants. Plants use the phytochromes (particularly phyB) to detect light signals associated with the proximity of competitors. A low ratio of red (R) to far-red (FR) radiation (R:FR) indicates increased competition intensity, and triggers morphological responses that allow the plant to escape shading from its neighbors (the shade avoidance syndrome, SAS). Recent evidence from studies on light regulation of plant immunity has suggested that plants may also use ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 290-315 nm) radiation as an indicator of competition intensity and light availability. In addition, recent studies have shown that UV-B radiation can strongly repress SAS responses triggered by low R:FR ratios. Ambient UV-B radiation causes damaging effects on plants, such as DNA damage, and also induces adaptive photomorphogenic responses acting through a specific UV-B photoreceptor (UVR8). Therefore, the possibility exists that plants integrate information perceived by phyB and UVR8 to make decisions about growth and defense when faced with a complex light environment, such as the one that characterizes vegetation canopies. In this Letter, we address this possibility and discuss how the interplay between UV-B and R:FR signaling fine tunes plant growth and defense to optimize resource utilization in patchy canopy environments.Fil: Mazza, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Ballare, Carlos Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas - Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (sede Chascomús); Argentin

FSD50K: an Open Dataset of Human-Labeled Sound Events

Most existing datasets for sound event recognition (SER) are relatively small and/or domain-specific, with the exception of AudioSet, based on a massive amount of audio tracks from YouTube videos and encompassing over 500 classes of everyday sounds. However, AudioSet is not an open dataset---its release consists of pre-computed audio features (instead of waveforms), which limits the adoption of some SER methods. Downloading the original audio tracks is also problematic due to constituent YouTube videos gradually disappearing and usage rights issues, which casts doubts over the suitability of this resource for systems' benchmarking. To provide an alternative benchmark dataset and thus foster SER research, we introduce FSD50K, an open dataset containing over 51k audio clips totalling over 100h of audio manually labeled using 200 classes drawn from the AudioSet Ontology. The audio clips are licensed under Creative Commons licenses, making the dataset freely distributable (including waveforms). We provide a detailed description of the FSD50K creation process, tailored to the particularities of Freesound data, including challenges encountered and solutions adopted. We include a comprehensive dataset characterization along with discussion of limitations and key factors to allow its audio-informed usage. Finally, we conduct sound event classification experiments to provide baseline systems as well as insight on the main factors to consider when splitting Freesound audio data for SER. Our goal is to develop a dataset to be widely adopted by the community as a new open benchmark for SER research