Hábitos alimentares em crianças do ensino básico. Análise do tipo de ingestão e utilização de cantinas

Resumen: Introducción: La infancia es una etapa fundamental en la adquisición y desarrollo de hábitos y patrones alimentarios que condicionan el estado nutricional en las etapas posteriores de la vida, por lo que, si estos hábitos son adecuados, ayudarán a mantener la salud en la edad adulta. Objetivos: El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes de Educación Primaria de escuelas da provincia de Granada. Métodos: La muestra seleccionada estuvo formada por 393 alumnos (52,7% chicos y 47,3% chicas). La edad de los estudiantes varía de 10 a 13 años (27,5% tiene 10 años, 49,9% tiene 11 años, 20,6% tiene 12 años, 1,8% tiene 13 años y 0,3% tiene 14 años). Resultados y discusión: Es posible observar que el 47,3% de los estudiantes consumen fruta al menos una vez al día, y en comparación con la ingesta de vegetales, este porcentaje desciende al 31%. Además, 39,2% consumen cereales con la misma frecuencia. Por otro lado, es posible observar que 37,1% tiene el hábito de comer frituras y aperitivos salados. Cuando comparamos la ingesta de dulces, 33,3% tiene el hábito de comerlos. Conclusiones: Por todos estos aspectos, se puede observar la necesidad de aumentar la frecuencia con la que los estudiantes consumen semanalmente los principales alimentos que componen una dieta saludable, así como reducir la frecuencia con la que consumen frituras y dulces, posibilitando así para que desarrollen hábitos alimenticios más saludables.Abstract: Introduction: Childhood is a fundamental phase in the acquisition and development of eating habits and patterns that condition nutritional status in later stages of life, therefore, if these habits are adequate, they will help maintain health in adulthood. Objectives: The objective of this research was to analyze the eating habits of Primary School students in schools in the province of Granada. Methods: The selected sample consisted of 393 students (52.7% boys and 47.3% girls) from schools in the province of Granada. The age of the students ranges from 10 to 13 years (27.5% are 10 years old, 49.9% are 11 years old, 20.6% are 12 years old, 1.8% are 13 years old and 0.3% are 14 years old). Results and discussion: It is possible to observe that 47.3% of the students eat fruit at least once a day, and when compared to vegetable intake this percentage drops to 31%. In addition, 39.2% make cereal intake at the same frequency. On the other hand, it is possible to observe that 37.1% have the habit of eating French fries and salty snacks. When we compare the intake of sweet, 33.3% have the habit of eating it. Conclusions: From all these aspects, it is possible to observe the need to increase the frequency with which students consume the main foods that make up a healthy diet on a weekly basis, and also to decrease the frequency with which they eat fried foods and sweets, thus making it possible to develop a healthier eating habit.Resumo: Introdução: A infância é uma fase fundamental na aquisição e desenvolvimento de hábitos e padrões alimentares que condicionam o estado nutricional nas fases posteriores da vida, portanto, se esses hábitos forem adequados, eles ajudarão a manter a saúde na idade adulta. Objetivos: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os hábitos alimentares de alunos do Ensino Primário das escolas da província de Granada. Métodos: A amostra selecionada foi composta por 393 alunos (52,7% meninos e 47,3% meninas) de escolas da província de Granada. A idade dos alunos varia de 10 a 13 anos (27,5% têm 10 anos, 49,9% têm 11, 20,6% têm 12 anos, 1,8% têm 13 anos e 0,3% têm 14 anos). Resultados e discussão: É possível observar que 47,3% dos alunos fazem ingestão de frutas pelo menos uma vez ao dia, e quando comparado a ingestão de vegetais essa porcentagem cai para 31%. Ademais, 39,2% fazem ingestão de cereais nessa mesma frequência. Por outro lado, é possível observar que 37,1% têm o hábito de ingerir batatas fritas e aperitivos salgados. Quando comparamos a ingestão de doce, 33,3% têm o hábito de ingeri-lo. Conclusões: Por todos esses aspectos é possível observar a necessidade de aumentar a frequência com que os estudantes consomem semanalmente os principais alimentos que compõem uma alimentação saudável, e ainda diminuir a frequência com que ingerem frituras e doces, possibilitando assim, desenvolver um hábito alimentar mais saudável

Efeitos de um Programa de Intervenção Baseado no Modelo Integral nas Competências Técnico-Tácticas no Futebol

Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio es comprobar los efectos de un programa de intervención basado en el modelo comprensivo sobre las habilidades técnico – tácticas en fútbol. La muestra estuvo conformada por 36 jugadores (11.1 ± 0.5 años) de dos equipos de fútbol formativo. El diseño del estudio ha sido cuasiexperimental pre – post con grupo control y el instrumento de recolección de datos utilizado fue la Herramienta Observacional de Evaluación Técnico – Táctica (HOET-T). Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la prueba t student para muestras emparejadas y los principales resultados demuestran que el programa de intervención basado en el modelo comprensivo mejoro significativamente las habilidades técnico – tácticas de proteger el balón, recuperar el balón, avanzar hacia la meta, obstaculizar el avance hacia la meta y el juego colectivo en ofensiva con y sin balón. En conclusión, el modelo comprensivo mejora el desarrollo de habilidades técnico – tácticas individuales y colectivas en ofensiva y en defensiva contribuyendo a la adquisición de aprendizajes significativos del fútbol en los procesos de formación deportiva.Abstract: The aim of this study is to test the effects of an intervention program based on the comprehensive model on technical-tactical skills in soccer. The sample consisted of 36 players (11.1 ± 0.5 years) from two youth soccer teams. The study design was quasi-experimental pre-post with a control group and the data collection instrument used was the Observational Technical-Tactical Evaluation Tool (HOET-T). For data analysis, the t student test was used for paired samples and the main results show that the intervention program based on the comprehensive model significantly improved the technical-tactical skills of protecting the ball, recovering the ball, advancing towards the goal, hindering the advance towards the goal and collective offensive play with and without the ball. In conclusion, the comprehensive model improves the development of individual and collective technical-tactical skills in offense and defense, contributing to the acquisition of significant soccer learning in sports training processes.Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo é testar os efeitos de um programa de intervenção baseado no modelo compreensivo sobre as competências técnico-tácticas no futebol. A amostra foi constituída por 36 jogadores (11,1 ± 0,5 anos) de duas equipas de futebol juvenil. O desenho do estudo foi quasi-experimental pré-pós com um grupo de controlo e o instrumento de recolha de dados utilizado foi o Observational Technical-Tactical Evaluation Tool (HOET-T). Para a análise dos dados utilizámos o teste t student para amostras emparelhadas e os principais resultados mostram que o programa de intervenção baseado no modelo integral melhorou significativamente as competências técnico-tácticas de proteção da bola, recuperação da bola, avanço para a baliza, impedimento do avanço para a baliza e jogo coletivo ofensivo com e sem bola. Em conclusão, o modelo compreensivo melhora o desenvolvimento das capacidades técnico-tácticas individuais e colectivas no jogo ofensivo e defensivo, contribuindo para a aquisição de aprendizagens futebolísticas significativas no processo de treino desportivo

A cooperatividade como meio de interação social para o desenvolvimento de competências sociais em Educação Física

Resumen: La cooperatividad es uno de los factores importantes a trabajar en las clases de Educación Física estando cada vez más presente en las últimas leyes legislativas. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo analizar la cooperatividad en estudiantes de Educación Primaria en Educación Física en función del sexo, la edad y el curso académico. La muestra estuvo conformada por 411 estudiantes de 5° y 6° de Educación Primaria y el instrumento utilizado para la recolección de los datos fue el Cuestionario de Preferencias de Interacción Social en Educación Física. Se realizaron distintas pruebas estadísticas desde el enfoque de la estadística descriptiva. Los resultados encontrados demuestran que existe un elevado nivel de aceptación de la cooperatividad como forma de interacción social en educación física independientemente del sexo, la edad y el curso en educación primaria, siendo una alternativa válida para el desarrollo de habilidades sociales a través de formas de aprendizaje cooperativo por sus múltiples beneficios en términos de participación y aprendizaje individual y colectivo en el contexto de la educación física.Abstract: Cooperativity is one of the important factors to work on in Physical Education classes, being more and more present in the last legislative laws. The present study aims to analyze cooperativity in Primary Education students in Physical Education as a function of sex, age and academic year. The sample consisted of 411 students in 5th and 6th grades of Primary Education and the instrument used for data collection was the Questionnaire of Preferences of Social Interaction in Physical Education. Different statistical tests were performed from the descriptive statistics approach. The results found show that there is a high level of acceptance of cooperativity as a form of social interaction in physical education regardless of gender, age and grade in primary education, being a valid alternative for the development of social skills through forms of cooperative learning due to its multiple benefits in terms of participation and individual and collective learning in the context of physical education.Resumo: A cooperatividade é um dos factores importantes a trabalhar nas aulas de Educação Física e está cada vez mais presente nas últimas leis legislativas. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a cooperatividade nos alunos do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico na disciplina de Educação Física em função do género, idade e ano letivo. A amostra foi constituída por 411 alunos do 5º e 6º ano do Ensino Básico e o instrumento utilizado para a recolha de dados foi o Questionário de Preferências de Interação Social em Educação Física. Foram realizados diferentes testes estatísticos a partir da abordagem da estatística descritiva. Os resultados encontrados mostram que existe um alto nível de aceitação da cooperatividade como forma de interação social na educação física independente do sexo, idade e série do ensino fundamental, sendo uma alternativa válida para o desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais através de formas de aprendizagem cooperativa devido aos seus múltiplos benefícios em termos de participação e aprendizagem individual e coletiva no contexto da educação física

Frequência de Atividade Física no Ensino Básico. Influência da família e do tipo de atividade.

Resumen: El propósito de este estudio es analizar la frecuencia de AF en estudiantes de Educación Primaria en función de la influencia familiar, el tipo de AF que realizan en su tiempo libre y el comportamiento sedentario en relación con el uso de dispositivos electrónicos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 385 estudiantes (52.7% hombres y 47.3% mujeres) de Educación Primaria y el instrumento utilizado para la recolección de los datos fue un cuestionario vinculado con la frecuencia de practica de deporte en familia, el tipo de actividad y el sedentarismo con el uso de dispositivos electrónicos. Los resultados demuestran que los estudiantes presentan bajas frecuencia de AF y deporte con la familia, las actividades individuales obtienen porcentajes más altos en comparación con las actividades colectivas. A su vez, el 23% de los alumnos afirman no realizar ninguna actividad física y, finalmente, se presentan altas frecuencias en los comportamientos sedentarios relacionados con los dispositivos electrónicos, principalmente con la actividad de ver TV entre semana y los fines de semana.Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze the frequency of PA in elementary school students in terms of family influence, the type of PA performed in their free time and sedentary behavior in relation to the use of electronic devices. The sample consisted of 385 students (52.7% males and 47.3% females) of Primary Education and the instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire linked to the frequency of family sports practice, the type of activity and sedentary behavior in relation to the use of electronic devices. The results show that students present low frequency of PA and sport with the family, individual activities obtain higher percentages compared to collective activities. In turn, 23% of the students claim not to perform any physical activity and, finally, high frequencies are presented in sedentary behaviors related to electronic devices, mainly with the activity of watching TV during the week and on weekends.Resumo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a frequência de AF em alunos do 1º ciclo do ensino básico em função da influência familiar, do tipo de AF que praticam nos tempos livres e do comportamento sedentário em relação à utilização de dispositivos electrónicos. A amostra foi constituída por 385 alunos (52,7% do sexo masculino e 47,3% do sexo feminino) do Ensino Básico e o instrumento utilizado para a recolha de dados foi um questionário relacionado com a frequência da prática de desporto na família, o tipo de atividade e o comportamento sedentário em relação à utilização de dispositivos electrónicos. Os resultados mostram que os alunos têm uma baixa frequência de AF e desporto com a família, sendo que as actividades individuais obtêm percentagens mais elevadas em relação às actividades colectivas. Ao mesmo tempo, 23% dos alunos afirmam não praticar qualquer atividade física e, por fim, existem elevadas frequências de comportamentos sedentários relacionados com os dispositivos electrónicos, principalmente com a atividade de ver televisão nos dias úteis e fins-de-semana

Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition

The extent to which pre-Columbian societies altered Amazonian landscapes is hotly debated. We performed a basin-wide analysis of pre-Columbian impacts on Amazonian forests by overlaying known archaeological sites in Amazonia with the distributions and abundances of 85 woody species domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples. Domesticated species are five times more likely to be hyperdominant than non-domesticated species. Across the basin the relative abundance and richness of domesticated species increases in forests on and around archaeological sites. In southwestern and eastern Amazonia distance to archaeological sites strongly influences the relative abundance and richness of domesticated species. Our analyses indicate that modern tree communities in Amazonia are structured to an important extent by a long history of plant domestication by Amazonian peoples

Genomic analysis of two phlebotomine sand fly vectors of Leishmania from the New and Old World.

Phlebotomine sand flies are of global significance as important vectors of human disease, transmitting bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens, including the kinetoplastid parasites of the genus Leishmania, the causative agents of devastating diseases collectively termed leishmaniasis. More than 40 pathogenic Leishmania species are transmitted to humans by approximately 35 sand fly species in 98 countries with hundreds of millions of people at risk around the world. No approved efficacious vaccine exists for leishmaniasis and available therapeutic drugs are either toxic and/or expensive, or the parasites are becoming resistant to the more recently developed drugs. Therefore, sand fly and/or reservoir control are currently the most effective strategies to break transmission. To better understand the biology of sand flies, including the mechanisms involved in their vectorial capacity, insecticide resistance, and population structures we sequenced the genomes of two geographically widespread and important sand fly vector species: Phlebotomus papatasi, a vector of Leishmania parasites that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, (distributed in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa) and Lutzomyia longipalpis, a vector of Leishmania parasites that cause visceral leishmaniasis (distributed across Central and South America). We categorized and curated genes involved in processes important to their roles as disease vectors, including chemosensation, blood feeding, circadian rhythm, immunity, and detoxification, as well as mobile genetic elements. We also defined gene orthology and observed micro-synteny among the genomes. Finally, we present the genetic diversity and population structure of these species in their respective geographical areas. These genomes will be a foundation on which to base future efforts to prevent vector-borne transmission of Leishmania parasites

Identification of constrained sequence elements across 239 primate genomes

Noncoding DNA is central to our understanding of human gene regulation and complex diseases1,2, and measuring the evolutionary sequence constraint can establish the functional relevance of putative regulatory elements in the human genome3–9. Identifying the genomic elements that have become constrained specifically in primates has been hampered by the faster evolution of noncoding DNA compared to protein-coding DNA10, the relatively short timescales separating primate species11, and the previously limited availability of whole-genome sequences12. Here we construct a whole-genome alignment of 239 species, representing nearly half of all extant species in the primate order. Using this resource, we identified human regulatory elements that are under selective constraint across primates and other mammals at a 5% false discovery rate. We detected 111,318 DNase I hypersensitivity sites and 267,410 transcription factor binding sites that are constrained specifically in primates but not across other placental mammals and validate their cis-regulatory effects on gene expression. These regulatory elements are enriched for human genetic variants that affect gene expression and complex traits and diseases. Our results highlight the important role of recent evolution in regulatory sequence elements differentiating primates, including humans, from other placental mammals

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MAim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Large-scale unit commitment under uncertainty: an updated literature survey

The Unit Commitment problem in energy management aims at finding the optimal production schedule of a set of generation units, while meeting various system-wide constraints. It has always been a large-scale, non-convex, difficult problem, especially in view of the fact that, due to operational requirements, it has to be solved in an unreasonably small time for its size. Recently, growing renewable energy shares have strongly increased the level of uncertainty in the system, making the (ideal) Unit Commitment model a large-scale, non-convex and uncertain (stochastic, robust, chance-constrained) program. We provide a survey of the literature on methods for the Uncertain Unit Commitment problem, in all its variants. We start with a review of the main contributions on solution methods for the deterministic versions of the problem, focussing on those based on mathematical programming techniques that are more relevant for the uncertain versions of the problem. We then present and categorize the approaches to the latter, while providing entry points to the relevant literature on optimization under uncertainty. This is an updated version of the paper "Large-scale Unit Commitment under uncertainty: a literature survey" that appeared in 4OR 13(2), 115--171 (2015); this version has over 170 more citations, most of which appeared in the last three years, proving how fast the literature on uncertain Unit Commitment evolves, and therefore the interest in this subject