Assessing digital competence and its relationship with the socioeconomic level of Chilean university students

[EN] Digital competence (DC) is one of the key aspects in citizen development in the digital age. The DC is particularly important in forming university students and future teachers. This article presents the main results of a study to evaluate DC and its relationship with the socioeconomic level of first-year students of pedagogy in three Chilean public universities, located in the north, center, and south of the country. A quantitative research methodology was used, with a sample of 817 students, the data were collected through the DIGCOMP-PED evaluation instrument, which evaluates DC development using the DIGCOMP framework. The results were analyzed at the general and socioeconomic level on the variables of the educational establishment where they attended high school and the territorial area of the university they attended. The main results indicate that the level of DC achievement is intermediate, the areas with the highest levels of achievement were “network security” and “online communication and collaboration.” On the other hand, the lowest levels of achievement were reached in the areas “information and digital literacy,” “digital content creation,” and “problem solving.” The level of DC is higher among students of private establishments and those who attend universities located in the central area.[ES] Este artículo presenta los principales resultados de un estudio para evaluar el DC y su relación con el nivel socioeconómico de estudiantes de primer año de pedagogía en tres universidades públicas chilenas, ubicadas en el norte, centro y sur del país. Se utilizó una metodología de investigación cuantitativa, con una muestra de 817 estudiantes, los datos fueron recolectados a través del instrumento de evaluación DIGCOMP-PED, que evalúa el desarrollo del DC utilizando el marco DIGCOMP. Los resultados fueron analizados a nivel general y socioeconómico en las variables del establecimiento educacional donde cursaron la enseñanza media y el ámbito territorial de la universidad a la que asistieron. Los principales resultados indican que el nivel de logro en DC es intermedio, las áreas con mayores niveles de logro fueron "seguridad en la red" y "comunicación y colaboración en línea". Por otro lado, los niveles más bajos de logro se alcanzaron en las áreas "alfabetización informacional y digital", "creación de contenidos digitales" y "resolución de problemas." El nivel de DC es más alto entre los estudiantes de centros privados y los que asisten a universidades situadas en la zona centro.Springer Natur

Estereotipos, emociones intergrupales y contacto intergrupal en universitarios extranjeros y peruanos en una universidad de Lima Metropolitana

La presente investigación cualitativa tuvo por objetivo explorar los estereotipos y emociones hacia la categoría social “peruano” en los estudiantes universitarios extranjeros (N=10), contrastarlas con la estereotipia y emociones de los estudiantes peruanos (N=9) y analizar cómo la experiencia del contacto intergrupal influenció en la formación de la categoría. Para ello, se elaboró una guía de entrevista semi estructurada con preguntas abiertas basada en el modelo de contenido mixto de los estereotipos (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick y Xu; 2002) adaptado al contexto latinoamericano por Espinosa y col (2016) y la Teoría del Contacto Intergrupal (Pettigrew y Tropp; 2008). El análisis de contenido y formación de 3 ejes (estereotipos, emociones intergrupales, contacto intergrupal) evidenció que tanto los estudiantes peruanos como los estudiantes extranjeros coinciden en asociar estereotipos cálidos y no morales hacia la categoría social peruano. Con respecto a las emociones intergrupales, tanto los estudiantes peruanos como extranjeros coinciden en sentir emociones de alegría, interés, tristeza y disgusto hacia la categoría “peruano”. Se concluye que el contacto intergrupal que tuvieron los estudiantes de intercambio con los estudiantes peruanos dentro y fuera de la universidad influenció en el desarrollo de estereotipos y emociones hacia la categoría de “peruano”.The present qualitative research aimed to explore the stereotypes and emotions towards the social category "Peruvian" in foreign university students (N=10), to contrast them with the stereotypes and emotions of Peruvian students (N=9) and analyze how the experience of intergroup contact influenced the formation of the category. To do so, a semi-structured interview guide with openended questions was developed based on the mixed content model of stereotypes (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu; 2002) adapted to the Latin American context by Espinosa et al (2016) and Intergroup Contact Theory (Pettigrew & Tropp; 2008). The content and formation analysis of 3 axes (stereotypes, intergroup emotions, intergroup contact) showed that both Peruvian and foreign students coincide in associating warm and non-moral stereotypes towards the Peruvian social category. With respect to intergroup emotions, both Peruvian and foreign students coincide in feeling emotions of joy, interest, sadness and disgust towards the category "Peruvian". It is concluded that the intergroup contact that exchange students had with Peruvian students inside and outside the university influenced the development of stereotypes and emotions towards the category "Peruvian”

Producción, exportación y consumo interno del gas natural y la tendencia de la matriz energética en Bolivia

The purpose of this document is to analyze the current regulatory framework, world natural gas reserves, the evolution of historical natural gas production in Bolivia, its commercialization, domestic consumption and exports, in order to finally project residual reserves by adopting strategic policies and satisfying domestic demand and contractual volumes with Brazil and Argentina, considering the statistical data of the last 13 years. The result of this analysis will allow us to establish the course we should follow for the development of a new energy matrix, so that the growing demand for electricity in the medium and long term is satisfied by taking advantage of our available natural resources in an efficient manner, maintaining a sustainable balance in relation to the environment.El presente documento tiene como objetivo analizar el marco normativo vigente, las reservas mundiales de gas natural, la evolución de la producción de gas natural histórica en Bolivia, su comercialización, consumo interno y exportación, para finalmente proyectar las reservas residuales adoptando políticas estratégicas y satisfacer la demanda interna y los volúmenes contractuales con Brasil y Argentina, considerando los datos estadísticos de los últimos 13 años. El resultado de este análisis permitirá establecer el rumbo que debemos seguir para la elaboración de una nueva la matriz energética, de tal forma que la creciente demanda de energía eléctrica a mediano y largo plazo sea satisfecha aprovechando nuestros recursos naturales disponibles de forma eficiente, manteniendo un equilibrio sostenible en relación al medio ambient

Indicators to Assess Digital Competence of Teachers in Initial Training in the Chile Uruguay Contex

El docente es un factor relevante en la inserción de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) en la educación. Es necesario que los docentes desarrollen la competencia digital docente (CDD), para usar las TIC en las mejorar las experiencias de enseñanza y aprendizaje. además de promover en las niñas, niños y jóvenes, el desarrollo de la competencia digital. Desde la formación inicial docente (FID) debe desarrollarse las CDD, de modo que el futuro profesorado pueda integrarlas con éxito en su futuro ejercicio profesional. Este artículo, presenta los resultados preliminares del proyecto “Estudio comparado de las competencias digitales para aprender y enseñar, en docentes en formación en Chile y Uruguay”. El objetivo es diseñar, validar y aplicar un instrumento para medir la CDD en FID en Chile y Uruguay, comparar los resultados obtenidos y generar recomendaciones para mejorar la formación de los futuros docentes en la materia. Esta primera etapa permitió generar la matriz de indicadores, base para la posterior construcción del instrumento. La metodología contemplada consideró la investigación documental: recopilación, organización, valoración crítica. Con esta información se diseñó y validó una propuesta de matriz de indicadores para evaluar la CDD en FID validada a través de juicio de expertos, en Chile y Uruguay. Se cuenta con un total de 14 indicadores, organizados en cuatro dimensiones con una valoración de pertinencia superior al 75%.The teacher is a relevant factor for inserting Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. Teachers are required to develop Digital Competence for Teachers (DCT), to use ICT in improving teaching and learning experiences, in addition to promoting digital competences development in girls, boys and young people. DCT should be developed from the beginning of Initial Teacher Training (ITT) for future teachers to successfully include them in the future exercise of their profession. This article presents the preliminary results of the project “Compared Study of Digital Competencies to Learn and Teach, of Teachers in Training in Chile and Uruguay.” Its objective is to design, validate and apply an instrument to measure DCT in ITT in Chile and Uruguay, to compare results and recommendations to improve training for future teachers of this area. This first stage enabled generating a matrix of indicators as the foundation to build this instrument. The proposed methodology included collecting, organizing and critical assessment as part of the documental investigation. This information was used to design and validate a proposed matrix of indicators to assess DCY in ITT validated by experts in Chile and Uruguay. It includes a total of 14 indicators in four dimensions, achieving relevance of over 75%.peerReviewe

Chemical treatments in maize seeds to improve germination in acidic soils

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different germination promoters on three maize genotypes grown in Dystric Cambisol soils, since germination problems are linked to latency and restrict agronomic management. Design/Methodology/Approach: We conducted an experiment at the Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Juan Rodríguez Clara using a split-plot design with a factorial treatment arrangement. The large plot contained genotypes (GEN) G1 = MS-405, G2 = Arlequin, and G3 = MS-404; while the small one comprised promoter (PROMO) HS = humic substance, CI = citrulline, and SA = salicylic acid. We evaluated the following variables: germination speed (GS), emergence percentage (EMERG), stem and leaf volume (S&LV), root volume (RV), chlorophyll (CHL), secondary roots (SECR), stem diameter (DMT), number of leaves (NL), foliar area (FA), root length (RL), and plant height (PH). Then, we conducted a variance analysis and Tukey’s tests (α£0.05). Results: For each promoter, we observed main effects in EMERG, CHL, and PH for CI; S&LV, NL, FA, and PH for HS; and RL for SA. In genotypes G2 and G3, variables GS, EMERG, NL, and PH were statistically equivalent, DMT varied only in G2, and there were no statistical differences for S&LV, RV, CHL, SECR, FA, and RL. We observed some simple effects in combinations with CI: GS and PH varied in G3, EMERG in G2 and G3, CHL in G1 and G3, DMT in G1 and G2, and S&LV in G2. Study limitations/Implications: Soaking corn for one hour in the solution and weighing the correct amount properly are required, since weighing too much may inhibit germination. Findings/Conclusions: Promoter CI at a dose of 1,000 ppm accelerates the emergence speed of genotypes G2 and G3 in acidic soils

Results on stellar occultations by (307261) 2002 MS4

Transneptunian Objects (TNOs) are the remnants of our planetary system and can retain information about the early stages of the Solar System formation. Stellar occultation is a groundbased method used to study these distant bodies which have been presenting exciting results mainly about their physical properties. The big TNO called 2002 MS4 was discovered by Trujillo, C. A., & Brown, M. E., in 2002 using observations made at the Palomar Observatory (EUA). It is classified as a hot classical TNO, with orbital parameters a = 42 AU, e = 0.139, and i = 17.7º. Using thermal measurements with PACS (Herschel) and MIPS (Spitzer Space Telescope) instruments, Vilenius et al. 2012 obtained a radius of 467 +/- 23.5 km and an albedo of 0.051.Predictions of stellar occultations by this body in 2019 were obtained using the Gaia DR2 catalogue and NIMA ephemeris (Desmars et al. 2015) and made available in the Lucky Star web page (https://lesia.obspm.fr/lucky-star/). Four events were observed in South America and Canada. The first stellar occultation was detected on 09 July 2019, resulting in two positives and four negatives chords, including a close one which proven to be helpful to constrain the body’s size. This detection also allowed us to obtain a precise astrometric position that was used to update its ephemeris and improve the predictions of the following events. Two of them were detected on 26 July 2019, separated by eight hours. The first event was observed from South America and resulted in three positive detections, while the second, observed from Canada, resulted in a single chord. Another double chord event was observed on 19 August 2019 also from Canada.Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísica

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

re-habitar El Carmen : Un proyecto sobre patrimonio contemporáneo

El proyecto _re-HABITAR suponía para el propio proceder de la institución un avance más allá del reconocimiento, registro, inventario o protección patrimonial de la arquitectura del siglo XX y del Movimiento Moderno para posicionarse en la acción preventiva y conservativa de ese legado contemporáneo. Para ello, la praxis patrimonial se aferraba a un modelo: el de la vivienda social en España en la segunda mitad del siglo XX; a un caso concreto: el de la barriada de Nuestra Señora del Carmen (Recasens Méndez-Queipo de Llano, 1958); y a un requisito fundamental: analizar un objeto vivo y en uso, aún con la presencia de quienes lo vivieron y usaron desde su origen