24 research outputs found
Topological data analysis suggests human brain networks reconfiguration in the transition from a resting state to cognitive load
The functional network of the brain continually adapts to changing
environmental demands. The environmental changes closely connect with changes
of active cognitive processes. In recent years, the network approach has
emerged as a promising method for analyzing the neurophysiological mechanisms
that underlie psychological functions. The present study examines topological
characteristics of functional brain networks in resting state and in cognitive
load, provided by the execution of the Sternberg Item Recognition Paradigm
(SIRP) based on electroencephalographic data. We propose that the topological
properties of the functional networks in the human brain are distinct between
cognitive load and resting state with higher integration in the networks during
cognitive load. It was shown that topological features of functional
connectomes strongly depend on the type of cognitive process performed by the
subject and change in accordance with task change. The analysis also
demonstrated that functional connectivity during working memory tasks showed a
faster emergence of homology groups generators, supporting the idea of a
relationship between the initial stages of working memory execution and an
increase in faster network integration, with connector hubs playing a crucial
role
Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ
Original manuscript received March 15, 2023. Revised manuscript accepted May 01, 2023.Nowadays the network approach in neuroscience provides a promising way of analyzing neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie psychological functions and is widely used to study working memory. To date, data obtained in neuroimaging studies links working memory with topological features of brain networks, such as increased connectivity between frontal, parietal, and temporal regions, as well as increased integration in brain networks as a whole. The present study examines the relationship between the topological characteristics of functional brain networks with the performance in the Sternberg item recognition paradigm based on electroencephalographic data. It is shown that the higher performance in Sternberg paradigm, implying a higher efficiecy of the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval of information from working memory, is associated with an increase in the integration of functional networks, expressed in differences in the clustering coefficient, participation coefficient, Wiener index and eigenvector centrality between the groups of high and low working memory task performance (p < .01). In addition, our data suggest the variability in the topological pattern of connectivity, which can be traced through changes in the magnitude of the standard deviation of the values of topological metrics during the task.Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π»ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ Π‘ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π±Π΅ΡΠ³Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠ΅ Π‘ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π±Π΅ΡΠ³Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ
Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ (Ρ < .01). ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ
Interrogating informality: Conceptualisations, practices and policies in the light of the New Urban Agenda
Informality is growing in a context of increasing inequity, and in many places becoming the norm. However, despite decades of studies and interventions, βrecognising informalityβ is still a key issue. This paper provides a review of the literature on informality showing the shifts in its conceptualisations. The paper firstly discusses conceptual approaches related to the term βinformalityβ in the context of urban development; it then examines practices within, and related to, informality; and it concludes with an appraisal of policy approaches and their impact as reported in the literature. The paper finds a wide range of conceptualisations, including the questioning of the usefulness and appropriateness of the term. It finds reported evidence of βinformalityβ (as understood to date) spreading to the middle classes, and increasingly emerging in the Global North. Policies seem to be lagging behind in how they engage with so-called informality, with little acknowledgement of theory and limited understanding of their impacts on βinformalβ practices. Finally, the paper identifies the need for better understanding of governance frameworks that include the range of actors that would normally be associated with so-called βinformalityβ
βThe best flood I ever hadβ: Contingent resilience and the (relative) success of adaptive technologies
The practical operationalisation of resilience within cities is strongly linked to technology, such as better construction materials or redesigning urban form. Institutional and private sector actors often focus on issues relating to the technological innovation journey, such asβpathwaysβto implementation orβbarriersβto market uptake, rather than whether adaptive technologies are the most appropriate resilience solution. These discourses frame urban resilience from the perspective of an innovation journey where technologies are perceived to succeed if there is high uptake. However, given the multi-perspective and multi-scale nature of urban resilience,the idea ofβsuccessβinevitably has complex spatial, temporal and scalar dimensions. The paper uses the case of property level flood resilience (PFR) technologies in the United Kingdom to introduce the notion of βcontingent resilience βas a means to understand the trade-offs that are part of assessing and evaluating climate resilient technologies. We reveal that there are fundamental contradictions in what is deemed as aβsuccessβdepending on who is framing the problem,when the judgement is made, or where the scale of analysis lies. Above all, the paper highlights the importance of illuminating the struggles that do not just define success, but that spatially and temporally redistribute climate resilience in a hidden manner
The role of socio-economic factors in planning and managing urban ecosystem services
How green spaces in cities benefit urban residents depends critically on the interaction between biophysical and socio-economic factors. Urban ecosystem services are affected by both ecosystem characteristics and the social and economic attributes of city dwellers. Yet, there remains little synthesis of the interactions between ecosystem services, urban green spaces, and socio-economic factors. Articulating these linkages is key to their incorporation into ecosystem service planning and management in cities and to ensuring equitable outcomes for city inhabitants. We present a conceptual model of these linkages, describe three major interaction pathways, and explore how to operationalize the model. First, socio-economic factors shape the quantity and quality of green spaces and their ability to supply services by influencing management and planning decisions. Second, variation in socio-economic factors across a city alters peopleβs desires and needs and thus demands for different ecosystem services. Third, socio-economic factors alter the type and amount of benefit for human wellbeing that a service provides. Integrating these concepts into green space policy, planning, and management would be a considerable improvement on βstandards-basedβ urban green space planning. We highlight the implications of this for facilitating tailored planning solutions to improve ecosystem service benefits across the socio-economic spectrum in cities