65 research outputs found
UnderhÄllskostnader för tröskor
Costs of maintenance on combines are a subject of interest thus it constitute a large
investment and cost for the individual farmer. Therefore it is important to have up to
date knowledge and the right facts to be able to do reliable calculations on one of the
largest investments for a farmer.
The aim of this study was to compare costs of maintenance on combine/threshingmachine
with the computer program for advising environmental issues in agriculture,
STANK. Interviews took place and data were collected by handing out questionnaires to
20 farmers. A similar study conducted by Neuman (2003) investigated costs of
maintenance and compared these with STANK. The results of this study have also been
compared and examined related to data from SLA - Skogs och
Lantarbetsgivarförbundet.
The result shows that 18 out of 20 combines were given a higher cost of maintenance
when using STANK compared to the numbers in this study. The total cost of
maintenance in STANK and this study shows that STANK were in average 49, 4 %
higher. While comparing yearly using hours and cost of maintenance we found that the
cost raised with increased using hours, but there are no proportional connection between
increased yearly using hours and increased labour/own work. While checking the
condition between costs of maintenance and machine-age the study could not see that
the cost raised with machine age. The study was used for a different model of
calculation where we calculated with the cost, SEK/foot cutting width and year.
This model of calculation was used when comparing the cost SEK/foot cutting width
and year for SLA and the study. This model of calculation gave a better result than
STANK did. The model gave a deviation of 32,8 %.
Our conclusions
âą The equation in STANK overrated the cost of maintenance by 49,4%.
âą There were only some tendency of correlation between cost of maintenance and
yearly use.
âą There is no relation between the cost of maintenance and the age of the machine.
âą The maintenance should not be connected to using hours and the cost of buying
an equal new machine today.
âą In our study we found that it is better to use a yearly cost in SEK/foot when
calculating the cost of maintenance on combines. However, this is a model
suitable for our study but this might not work for a general use.UnderhÄllskostnader pÄ tröskor Àr ett omrÄde som Àr intressant att studera eftersom en
tröska utgör en stor investering och kostnad för den enskilda lantbrukaren. Det Àr
dÀrmed av största vikt att ha kunskap och kunna göra tillförlitliga berÀkningar angÄende
underhÄllskostnader för en av de stora investeringarna för den enskilda lantbrukaren -
tröskan. Det huvudsakliga syftet med arbetet var att samla in underlag frÄn lantbrukare
och jÀmföra dessa vÀrden med maskinkalkylmodellen i vÀxtnÀringsrÄdgivningsprogrammet
STANK. Denna insamling har genomförts genom intervjuer pÄ 20 gÄrdar.
Det har genomförts en liknande undersökning tidigare av Neuman (2003), dÀr 10 olika
maskinparkers underhÄllskostnad har jÀmförts med STANK för att se hur deras vÀrden
stÄr i förhÄllande till verkligheten. Detta material var dock för litet för att kunna dra
sÀkra slutsatser sÄ dÀrför ska denna studie komplettera underlaget nÀr det gÀller tröskor.
Ett underlag med siffror frÄn SLA, Skogs och Lantarbetsgivarförbundet har granskats
för att ha verklighetsanknutna siffror att jÀmföra med. SLA berÀknar underhÄllet pÄ ett
annorlunda sÀtt jÀmfört med STANK. De anvÀnder sig av brukad areal och fÄr dÄ fram
tröskkostnad kr/ha tröskareal.
Resultatet av undersökningen blev att 18 av 20 tröskor fick en högre underhÄllskostnad i
STANK jÀmfört med studien. Vid jÀmförelse av STANK:s och studiens totala
underhÄllskostnad fann vi att STANK lÄg i genomsnitt 49,4 % högre. NÀr underhÄllet
kopplades till Ärlig anvÀndning i timmar visade sig att kostnaden Àr stigande med ökad
anvÀndning. DÀremot finns inget proportionellt samband mellan ökad anvÀndning och
ökat eget arbete med underhÄll. Vid granskning av underhÄllskostnad i förhÄllande till
maskinÄlder kunde studien inte utlÀsa att underhÄllet ökade med en ökad maskinÄlder.
Siffrorna anvÀndes ocksÄ för en alternativ berÀkningsmodell dÀr det rÀknades fram en
kostnad, kr/fot och Är vilken jÀmfördes med underhÄllskostnaden frÄn SLA. Dessa
berÀkningar gav oss en avvikelse pÄ 32,8 % vilket Àr ett bÀttre resultat Àn vad STANK
gav.
VĂ„ra slutsatser
⹠Ekvationen i STANK övervÀrderade underhÄllskostnaden med 49,4 %.
⹠Det finns enbart ett svagt samband mellan underhÄllskostnad och Ärlig
anvÀndning.
⹠Vi ser inget tydligt samband mellan underhÄllskostnad och maskinens Älder.
⹠UnderhÄllet bör inte vara sÄ hÄrt knutet till anvÀndningstid och
ÄteranskaffningsvÀrde som det Àr idag.
⹠I vÄr studie fann vi att det stÀmmer bÀttre att anvÀnda en fast kostnad, kr/fot och
Är nÀr man rÀknar pÄ underhÄllskostnad pÄ tröskor. Detta Àr dock en modell som
passade i vÄr studie men som möjligen inte fungerar för generell anvÀndning
Dimensioneringsmetoder för minskad kapitalbindning i sÀkerhetslager - UtvÀrdering av dimensioneringsmetoder och förbÀttring av praktisk anvÀndbarhet
Stock binds capital and this should be of highest concern for companies to minimize. Therefore it is important to design their reorder points in such way that service levels are met while keeping as low capital as possible. How well do the most common dimensioning methods perform with respect to the capital in safety stock and how the parameter is set in the best-of-breed methods to meet a given service? Objectives The project aims to evaluate different design methods of safety stock in terms of capital tied up in safety stock and make the results practically useful. Methods Stock dimensioning methods performance and outcomes evaluated by using a simulation model, where real data from five companies has been used. Conclusions When comparing different dimensioning methods for reorder points is the result that it differs quite a lot in how much capital is tied up in safety stock and the number of units needed in safety stock to obtain desired service capabilities. The best method from the study, in keeping a high order line service with a minimum tied up capital is the shortage cost per order line. When comparing which parameter value that corresponds to a given order line service the methods differs. The lack of correlation between obtained service level and parameter value is especially apparent for time and cost methods. The only method that is fairly consistent in all simulation cases is fill rate (Serv2) whose parameter value is relatively close to the required service level. Since Serv2 is the method that gives the best match between the parameter value and required service level, it can be used to dimension the other methods more accurate. By using Serv2 based methods opens the possibility of dimensioning safety stock in advance with general safety time or shortage cost methods. The study also shows that the best and most accurate method to dimension security layer to achieve a required level of service, given that the demand follows the same pattern, is simulation of demand history
A DNA-binding bromodomain-containing protein interacts with and reduces Rx1-mediated immune response to Potato Virus X
Plant NLR proteins enable the immune system to recognise and respond to pathogen attack. An early consequence of immune activation is transcriptional reprogramming. Some NLRs have been shown to act in the nucleus and interact with transcription factors. The Rx1 NLR protein of potato binds and distorts double-stranded DNA. However, the components of the chromatin localized Rx1-complex are largely unknown. Here we report a physical and functional interaction between Rx1 and NbDBCP, a bromodomain-containing chromatin-interacting protein. NbDBCP accumulates in the nucleolus, interacts with chromatin and redistributes Rx1 to the nucleolus in a subpopulation of imaged cells. Rx1 over-expression reduces NbDBCP interactions with chromatin. NbDBCP is a negative regulator of Rx1-mediated immune responses to potato virus X (PVX) and this activity requires an intact bromodomain. Previously, Rx1 has been shown to regulate the DNA-binding activity of a Golden2-like transcription factor, NbGlk1. Rx1 and NbDBCP act synergistically to reduce NbGlk1 DNA-binding suggesting a mode of action for NbDBCPâs inhibitory effect on immunity. This study provides new mechanistic insight into how a chromatin localised NLR complex co-ordinates immune signalling following pathogen perception
Apolipoprotein E Genotype and the Diagnostic Accuracy of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer Disease.
Several studies suggest that the apolipoprotein E (APOE) Δ4 allele modulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of ÎČ-amyloid 42 (AÎČ42). Whether this effect is secondary to the association of the APOE Δ4 allele with cortical AÎČ deposition or whether APOE Δ4 directly influences CSF levels of AÎČ42 independently of AÎČ pathology remains unknown
The Potato Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat (NLR) Immune Receptor Rx1 is a Pathogen Dependent DNA-Deforming Protein
Plant NLR proteins enable cells to respond to pathogen attack. Several NLRs act in the nucleus, however, conserved nuclear targets that support their role in immunity are unknown. Previously we noted a structural homology between the NB domain of NLRs and DNA replication origin-binding Cdc6/Orc1 proteins. Here we show that the NB-ARC domain of the Rx1 NLR of potato binds nucleic acids. Rx1 induces ATP-dependent bending and melting of DNA in vitro dependent upon a functional P-loop. In situ full-length Rx1 binds nuclear DNA following activation by its cognate pathogen-derived effector protein, the coat protein of potato virus X. In line with its obligatory nucleocytoplasmic distribution, DNA-binding was only observed when Rx1 was allowed to freely translocate between both compartments and was activated in the cytoplasm. Immune activation induced by an unrelated NLR-effector pair did not trigger a Rx1-DNA interaction. DNA-binding is therefore not merely a consequence of immune activation. These data establish a role for DNA distortion in Rx1 immune signalling and defines DNA as a molecular target of an activated NLR
L-lysine as adjunctive treatment in patients with schizophrenia: a single-blinded, randomized, cross-over pilot study
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Accumulating evidence suggests that the brain's nitric oxide (NO) signalling system may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and could thus constitute a novel treatment target. The study was designed to investigate the benefit of L-lysine, an amino acid that interferes with NO production, as an add-on treatment for schizophrenia.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>L-lysine, 6 g/day, was administered to 10 patients with schizophrenia as an adjunctive to their conventional antipsychotic medication. The study was designed as a single-blinded, cross-over study where patients were randomly assigned to initial treatment with either L-lysine or placebo and screened at baseline, after four weeks when treatment was crossed over, and after eight weeks.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>L-lysine treatment caused a significant increase in blood concentration of L-lysine and was well tolerated. A significant decrease in positive symptom severity, measured by the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), was detected. A certain decrease in score was also observed during placebo treatment and the effects on PANSS could not unequivocally be assigned to the L-lysine treatment. Furthermore, performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was significantly improved compared to baseline, an effect probably biased by training. Subjective reports from three of the patients indicated decreased symptom severity and enhanced cognitive functioning.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Four-week L-lysine treatment of 6 g/day caused a significant increase in blood concentration of L-lysine that was well tolerated. Patients showed a significant decrease in positive symptoms as assessed by PANSS in addition to self-reported symptom improvement by three patients. The NO-signalling pathway is an interesting, potentially new treatment target for schizophrenia; however, the effects of L-lysine need further evaluation to decide the amino acid's potentially beneficial effects on symptom severity in schizophrenia.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p><a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00996242">NCT00996242</a></p
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Genomic and drug target evaluation of 90 cardiovascular proteins in 30,931 individuals.
Circulating proteins are vital in human health and disease and are frequently used as biomarkers for clinical decision-making or as targets for pharmacological intervention. Here, we map and replicate protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) for 90 cardiovascular proteins in over 30,000 individuals, resulting in 451 pQTLs for 85 proteins. For each protein, we further perform pathway mapping to obtain trans-pQTL gene and regulatory designations. We substantiate these regulatory findings with orthogonal evidence for trans-pQTLs using mouse knockdown experiments (ABCA1 and TRIB1) and clinical trial results (chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5), with consistent regulation. Finally, we evaluate known drug targets, and suggest new target candidates or repositioning opportunities using Mendelian randomization. This identifies 11 proteins with causal evidence of involvement in human disease that have not previously been targeted, including EGF, IL-16, PAPPA, SPON1, F3, ADM, CASP-8, CHI3L1, CXCL16, GDF15 and MMP-12. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the utility of large-scale mapping of the genetics of the proteome and provide a resource for future precision studies of circulating proteins in human health
Genomic and drug target evaluation of 90 cardiovascular proteins in 30,931 individuals.
Circulating proteins are vital in human health and disease and are frequently used as biomarkers for clinical decision-making or as targets for pharmacological intervention. Here, we map and replicate protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) for 90 cardiovascular proteins in over 30,000 individuals, resulting in 451 pQTLs for 85 proteins. For each protein, we further perform pathway mapping to obtain trans-pQTL gene and regulatory designations. We substantiate these regulatory findings with orthogonal evidence for trans-pQTLs using mouse knockdown experiments (ABCA1 and TRIB1) and clinical trial results (chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5), with consistent regulation. Finally, we evaluate known drug targets, and suggest new target candidates or repositioning opportunities using Mendelian randomization. This identifies 11 proteins with causal evidence of involvement in human disease that have not previously been targeted, including EGF, IL-16, PAPPA, SPON1, F3, ADM, CASP-8, CHI3L1, CXCL16, GDF15 and MMP-12. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the utility of large-scale mapping of the genetics of the proteome and provide a resource for future precision studies of circulating proteins in human health
Characterisation of age and polarity at onset in bipolar disorder
Background
Studying phenotypic and genetic characteristics of age at onset (AAO) and polarity at onset (PAO) in bipolar disorder can provide new insights into disease pathology and facilitate the development of screening tools.
Aims
To examine the genetic architecture of AAO and PAO and their association with bipolar disorder disease characteristics.
Method
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and polygenic score (PGS) analyses of AAO (n = 12 977) and PAO (n = 6773) were conducted in patients with bipolar disorder from 34 cohorts and a replication sample (n = 2237). The association of onset with disease characteristics was investigated in two of these cohorts.
Results
Earlier AAO was associated with a higher probability of psychotic symptoms, suicidality, lower educational attainment, not living together and fewer episodes. Depressive onset correlated with suicidality and manic onset correlated with delusions and manic episodes. Systematic differences in AAO between cohorts and continents of origin were observed. This was also reflected in single-nucleotide variant-based heritability estimates, with higher heritabilities for stricter onset definitions. Increased PGS for autism spectrum disorder (ÎČ = â0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), major depression (ÎČ = â0.34 years, s.e. = 0.08), schizophrenia (ÎČ = â0.39 years, s.e. = 0.08), and educational attainment (ÎČ = â0.31 years, s.e. = 0.08) were associated with an earlier AAO. The AAO GWAS identified one significant locus, but this finding did not replicate. Neither GWAS nor PGS analyses yielded significant associations with PAO.
Conclusions
AAO and PAO are associated with indicators of bipolar disorder severity. Individuals with an earlier onset show an increased polygenic liability for a broad spectrum of psychiatric traits. Systematic differences in AAO across cohorts, continents and phenotype definitions introduce significant heterogeneity, affecting analyses
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