The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Eating disorder symptoms among children and adolescents in Germany before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND: Disordered eating is highly prevalent among children and adolescents. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitalizations due to eating disorders have peaked and overweight has risen. The aim of this study was to determine differences in the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms among children and adolescents in Germany before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eating disorder symptoms and associated factors were examined in a sample of n = 1,001 participants of the nationwide population-based COPSY study in autumn 2021. Standardized and validated instruments were used to survey 11-17-year-olds along with a respective parent. To identify differences in prevalence rates, logistic regression was used to compare results with data from n = 997 participants of the prepandemic BELLA study. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations with relevant factors in the pandemic COPSY sample. RESULTS: Eating disorder symptoms were reported by 17.18% of females and 15.08% of males in the COPSY study. Prevalence rates were lower overall in the COPSY sample compared to before the pandemic. Male gender, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were associated with increased odds for eating disorder symptoms in the pandemic. CONCLUSION: The pandemic underscores the importance of further research, but also prevention and intervention programs that address disordered eating in children and adolescents, with a focus on age - and gender-specific differences and developments. In addition, screening instruments for eating disorder symptoms in youths need to be adapted and validated.PeerReviewe

Epidemiology of mental well-being in childhood and adolescence. Results from three epidemiological studies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Hintergrund: Ein kontinuierliches bundesweites Gesundheitsmonitoring ist wichtig, um das Wohlbefinden von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Blick zu behalten und Entwicklungsverläufe abzubilden. Anhand der Ergebnisse von 3 ausgewählten epidemiologischen Studien werden Entwicklungen zum kindlichen Wohlbefinden der letzten 20 Jahre vorgestellt. Methodik: Datengrundlage bilden (1.) die bevölkerungsbezogene BEfragung zum seeLischen WohLbefinden und VerhAlten (BELLA-Studie, 2003–2017, N = 1500–3000), die ein Modul der KiGGS-Studie ist, (2.) die COrona und PSYche Studie (COPSY, 2020–2022, N = 1600–1700), die auf der BELLA-Studie aufbaut, und (3.) die internationale Health-Behaviour in School-aged Children Studie (HBSC, 2002–2018, N = 4300–7300). Das Wohlbefinden wurde bei 7‑ bis 17-Jährigen mittels der Indikatoren gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität (KIDSCREEN-10), Lebenszufriedenheit (Cantril Ladder) und psychische Auffälligkeiten (Strenghts and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) und Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC)) erfasst. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt zeigen Kinder und Jugendliche präpandemisch (2002–2018) eine konstant hohe gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität und eine hohe allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit, die sich mit Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie 2020 zunächst verschlechterte. 2 Jahre später zeigen sich Verbesserungen, die jedoch noch nicht das Ausgangsniveau erreichen. Psychische Auffälligkeiten, ängstliche und depressive Symptome nahmen mit Pandemiebeginn um bis zu 12 Prozentpunkte zu und zeigen auch 2 Jahre nach Pandemiebeginn noch höhere Werte als präpandemische Studien. Diskussion: Die Epidemiologie kindlichen Wohlbefindens bietet eine notwendige Datengrundlage, um den Unterstützungsbedarf von Kindern und Jugendlichen zu erfassen und auf dieser Basis Maßnahmen der Gesundheitsförderung, Prävention und Intervention zu entwickeln

Targeting melanoma with dual phosphoinosite 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B/Akt and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways are often constitutively activated in melanoma and have thus been considered as promising drug targets. Exposure of melanoma cells to NVP-BAG956, NVP-BBD130, and NVP-BEZ235, a series of novel, potent, and stable dual PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, resulted in complete G1 growth arrest, reduction of cyclin D1, and increased levels of p27(KIP1), but negligible apoptosis. In contrast, treatment of melanoma with the pan-class I PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 or the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin resulted only in minor reduction of cell proliferation. In a syngeneic B16 mouse melanoma tumor model, orally administered NVP-BBD130 and NVP-BEZ235 efficiently attenuated tumor growth at primary and lymph node metastatic sites with no obvious toxicity. Metastatic melanoma in inhibitor-treated mice displayed reduced numbers of proliferating and significantly smaller tumor cells. In addition, neovascularization was blocked and tumoral necrosis increased when compared with vehicle-treated mice. In conclusion, compounds targeting PI3K and mTOR simultaneously were advantageous to attenuate melanoma growth and they develop their potential by targeting tumor growth directly, and indirectly via their interference with angiogenesis. Based on the above results, NVP-BEZ235, which has entered phase I/II clinical trials in patients with advanced solid tumors, has a potential in metastatic melanoma therapy

Mental health and quality of life in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic—results of the COPSY study

Kinder und Jugendliche sind entwicklungsbedingt vulnerabel, weshalb die COVID-19-bedingten Kontaktbeschränkungen für sie besonders belastend sein können (1, 2). Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde die bundesweite COPSY-Studie (Corona und Psyche) zur psychischen Gesundheit und Lebensqualität von Kindern und Jugendlichen während der COVID-19-Pandemie initiiert, in der Kinder und Jugendliche selbst – zusätzlich zu ihren Eltern – befragt wurden. Ziel war die Erfassung der Auswirkungen der Krise auf die psychische Gesundheit und Lebensqualität von Kindern und Jugendlichen.Peer Reviewe

Mental health and psychological burden of children and adolescents during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic—results of the COPSY study

Hintergrund Die mit der COVID-19-Pandemie einhergehenden Veränderungen und Kontaktbeschränkungen können das psychische Wohlbefinden von Kindern und Jugendlichen beeinflussen. Ziel der Arbeit COPSY ist die erste deutschlandweite repräsentative Studie, welche die psychische Gesundheit und Lebensqualität von Kindern und Jugendlichen während der Pandemie untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden mit denen der repräsentativen longitudinalen BELLA-Studie aus der Zeit vor der Pandemie verglichen. Material und Methoden Vom 26.05. bis zum 10.06.2020 wurden n = 1586 Eltern mit 7‑ bis 17-jährigen Kindern und Jugendlichen, von denen n = 1040 11- bis 17-Jährige auch Selbstangaben machten, befragt. Dabei wurden international etablierte Instrumente zur Erfassung von gesundheitsbezogener Lebensqualität, psychischen Auffälligkeiten, Ängstlichkeit und depressiven Symptomen eingesetzt. Die Daten wurden mittels deskriptiver Statistiken und bivariater Tests ausgewertet. Ergebnisse 71 % der Kinder und Jugendlichen und 75 % der Eltern fühlten sich durch die erste Welle der Pandemie belastet. Im Vergleich zu der Zeit vor der Pandemie gaben die Kinder und Jugendlichen eine geminderte Lebensqualität an, der Anteil von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit psychischen Auffälligkeiten hat sich in etwa verdoppelt und ihr Gesundheitsverhalten hat sich verschlechtert. Sozial benachteiligte Kinder erlebten die Belastungen durch die Pandemie besonders stark. Zwei Drittel der Eltern wünschten sich Unterstützung im Umgang mit ihrem Kind. Diskussion Die COVID-19-Pandemie führt zu einer psychischen Gesundheitsgefährdung der Kinder und Jugendlichen, auf die präventiv mit niedrigschwelligen und zielgruppenspezifischen Angeboten in der Schule, in der ärztlichen Praxis und in der Gesellschaft im Sinne des Kinderschutzes reagiert werden sollte.Background The drastic changes during the COVID-19 pandemic may have a negative impact on the psychological wellbeing of children and adolescents. Objectives COPSY is the first national, representative German study to examine mental health and quality of life of children and adolescents during the pandemic. Results are compared with data of the representative longitudinal BELLA study conducted before the pandemic. Materials and methods Internationally established instruments for measuring health-related quality of life and mental health (including anxiety and depressive symptoms) were administered to n = 1586 parents with 7‑ to 17-year-old children and adolescents, of whom n = 1040 11- to 17-year-olds also provided self-reports, from 26 May to 10 June 2020. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate tests. Results Seventy-one percent of the children and adolescents and 75% of the parents felt burdened by the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to the time before the pandemic, the children and adolescents reported a lower health-related quality of life, the percentage of children and adolescents with mental health problems almost doubled, and their health behavior worsened. Socially disadvantaged children felt particularly burdened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Two-thirds of the parents would like to receive support in coping with their child during the pandemic. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic poses a mental health risk to children and adolescents. Schools, doctors, and society are called to react by providing low-threshold and target-group-specific prevention and mental health promotion programs.Peer Reviewe

Computational modelling of inorganic solids

This report covers papers published in the period 2005–2007 on the application of computational modelling to solids. The main areas of application chosen for review are zeolites, metal oxides (particularly those with properties of industrial importance), minerals and nanostructures