A Pipeline Strategy for Grain Crop Domestication

In the interest of diversifying the global food system, improving human nutrition, and making agriculture more sustainable, there have been many proposals to domesticate wild plants or complete the domestication of semidomesticated orphan crops. However, very few new crops have recently been fully domesticated. Many wild plants have traits limiting their production or consumption that could be costly and slow to change. Others may have fortuitous preadaptations that make them easier to develop or feasible as high-value, albeit low-yielding, crops. To increase success in contemporary domestication of new crops, we propose a pipeline approach, with attrition expected as species advance through the pipeline. We list criteria for ranking domestication candidates to help enrich the starting pool with more preadapted, promising species. We also discuss strategies for prioritizing initial research efforts once the candidates have been selected: developing higher value products and services from the crop, increasing yield potential, and focusing on overcoming undesirable traits. Finally, we present new-crop case studies that demonstrate that wild species’ limitations and potential (in agronomic culture, shattering, seed size, harvest, cleaning, hybridization, etc.) are often only revealed during the early phases of domestication. When nearly insurmountable barriers were reached in some species, they have been (at least temporarily) eliminated from the pipeline. Conversely, a few species have moved quickly through the pipeline as hurdles, such as low seed weight or low seed number per head, were rapidly overcome, leading to increased confidence, farmer collaboration, and program expansion.Fil: DeHaan, Lee R.. The Land Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Van Tassel, David L.. The Land Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Anderson, James A.. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Asselin, Sean R.. University of Manitoba; CanadáFil: Barnes, Richard. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Baute, Gregory J.. University of British Columbia; CanadáFil: Cattani, Douglas J.. University of Manitoba; CanadáFil: Culman, Steve W.. Ohio State University; Estados UnidosFil: Dorn, Kevin M.. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Hulke, Brent S.. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Research Service; Estados UnidosFil: Kantar, Michael. University of British Columbia; CanadáFil: Larson, Steve. Forage and Range Research Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: David Marks, M.. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Miller, Allison J.. Saint Louis University; Estados UnidosFil: Poland, Jesse. Kansas State University; Estados UnidosFil: Ravetta, Damián Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; ArgentinaFil: Rude, Emily. University of Wisconsin; Estados UnidosFil: Ryan, Matthew R.. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Wyse, Don. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Zhang, Xiaofei. University of Minnesota; Estados Unido

Calibration of the CMS hadron calorimeters using proton-proton collision data at root s=13 TeV

Methods are presented for calibrating the hadron calorimeter system of theCMSetector at the LHC. The hadron calorimeters of the CMS experiment are sampling calorimeters of brass and scintillator, and are in the form of one central detector and two endcaps. These calorimeters cover pseudorapidities vertical bar eta vertical bar ee data. The energy scale of the outer calorimeters has been determined with test beam data and is confirmed through data with high transverse momentum jets. In this paper, we present the details of the calibration methods and accuracy.Peer reviewe

Developing a measure of interpretation bias for depressed mood: An ambiguous scenarios test

The tendency to interpret ambiguous everyday situations in a relatively negative manner (negative interpretation bias) is central to cognitive models of depression. Limited tools are available to measure this bias, either experimentally or in the clinic. This study aimed to develop a pragmatic interpretation bias measure using an ambiguous scenarios test relevant to depressed mood (the AST-D).1 In Study 1, after a pilot phase (N = 53), the AST-D was presented via a web-based survey (N = 208). Participants imagined and rated each AST-D ambiguous scenario. As predicted, higher dysphoric mood was associated with lower pleasantness ratings (more negative bias), independent of mental imagery measures. In Study 2, self-report ratings were compared with objective ratings of participants’ imagined outcomes of the ambiguous scenarios (N = 41). Data were collected in the experimental context of a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner. Consistent with subjective bias scores, independent judges rated more sentences as negatively valenced for the high versus low dysphoric group. Overall, results suggest the potential utility of the AST-D in assessing interpretation bias associated with depressed mood

Polymorphisms in Fibronectin Binding Proteins A and B among Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Isolates Are Not Associated with Arthroplasty Infection

Background Nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in fibronectin binding protein A (fnbA) of Staphylococcus aureus are associated with cardiac device infections. However, the role of fnbA SNPs in S. aureus arthroplasty infection is unknown. Methods Bloodstream S. aureus isolates from a derivation cohort of patients at a single U.S. medical center with S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) and prosthetic hip or knee arthroplasties that were infected (PJI, n = 27) or uninfected (PJU, n = 43) underwent sequencing of fnbA and fnbB. A validation cohort of S. aureus bloodstream PJI (n = 12) and PJU (n = 58) isolates from Germany also underwent fnbA and fnbB sequencing. Results Overall, none of the individual fnbA or fnbB SNPs were significantly associated with the PJI or PJU clinical groups within the derivation cohort. Similarly, none of the individual fnbA or fnbB SNPs were associated with PJI or PJU when the analysis was restricted to patients with either early SAB (i.e., bacteremia occurring 1 year after placement or manipulation of prostheses). Conclusions In contrast to cardiac device infections, there is no association between nonsynonymous SNPs in fnbA or fnbB of bloodstream S. aureus isolates and arthroplasty infection. These results suggest that initial steps leading to S. aureus infection of cardiovascular and orthopedic prostheses may arise by distinct processes

Comparison of the biofilm-forming capacity of <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> isolates from prosthetic joint infection (PJI) and uninfected prosthetic joint (PJU) groups.

<p>Values were calculated as percentage capacity to form biofilms relative to <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> control strain UAMS-1. Box ends represent the 25^th and 75^th percentiles, and whisker ends represent the minimum and maximum. There was no difference in biofilm-forming capacity between isolates in the PJI and PJU groups.</p

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in fibronectin binding protein B (<i>fnbB)</i> in <i>fnbB-</i>containing isolates.

<p>*When false discovery rate control is applied, this raw p-value no longer maintains statistical significance (p = 1.00).</p><p>No SNP was associated with the prosthetic joint infected (PJI) or uninfected (PJU) isolates in the derivation cohort, external validation cohort, or late <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> bacteremia (SAB) group. Late SAB was defined as SAB occurring >1 year after placement or manipulation of prostheses.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients in the derivation cohort with <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> bacteremia and infected or uninfected prostheses.

<p>*Late infection is defined as bloodstream infection occurring >1 year after the prostheses was implanted or surgically manipulated.</p><p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients in the derivation cohort with <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> bacteremia and infected or uninfected prostheses.</p

Comparison of the fibronectin binding capacity of <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> isolates from prosthetic joint infection (PJI) and uninfected prosthetic joint (PJU) groups.

<p>Values were calculated as percentage capacity to bind fibronectin relative to <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> control strain 8325–4. Box ends represent the 25^th and 75^th percentiles, and whisker ends represent the minimum and maximum. There was no difference in fibronectin binding capacity between isolates in the PJI and PJU groups.</p

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in fibronectin binding protein A (<i>fnbA)</i> in the derivation cohort, external validation cohort, and late <i>S</i>. <i>aureus</i> bacteremia (SAB) group.

<p>*When false discovery rate control is applied, this raw p-value no longer maintains statistical significance (p = 0.22).</p><p>In the derivation cohort, no SNPs occurred with greater frequency in the prosthetic joint infection group (PJI) relative to the uninfected prosthetic joint group (PJU). In the external validation cohort, one SNP (S839N) was significantly associated with the PJU group, though when the two cohorts were combined the S839N association did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.22). Late SAB was defined as bacteremia occurring >1 year after placement or manipulation of prostheses, and here contains data from both the derivation and external validation cohorts. In the late SAB group, no SNPs occurred with greater frequency in PJI or PJU.</p