Groups of Galaxies in AEGIS: The 200 ksec Chandra Extended X-ray Source catalogue

We present the discovery of seven X-ray emitting groups of galaxies selected as extended X-ray sources in the 200 ksec Chandra coverage of the All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey (AEGIS). In addition, we report on AGN activity associated to these systems. Using the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey coverage, we identify optical counterparts and determine velocity dispersions. In particular, we find three massive high-redshift groups at z>0.7, one of which is at z=1.13, the first X-ray detections of spectroscopically selected DEEP2 groups. We also present a first look at the the L_X-T, L_X-sigma, and sigma-T scaling relations for high-redshift massive groups. We find that the properties of these X-ray selected systems agree well with the scaling relations of similar systems at low redshift, although there are X-ray undetected groups in the DEEP2 catalogue with similar velocity dispersions. The other three X-ray groups with identified redshifts are associated with lower mass groups at z~0.07 and together form part of a large structure or "supergroup" in the southern portion of the AEGIS field. All of the low-redshift systems are centred on massive elliptical galaxies, and all of the high-redshift groups have likely central galaxies or galaxy pairs. All of the central group galaxies host X-ray point sources, radio sources, and/or show optical AGN emission. Particularly interesting examples of central AGN activity include a bent-double radio source plus X-ray point source at the center of a group at z=0.74, extended radio and double X-ray point sources associated to the central galaxy in the lowest-redshift group at z=0.066, and a bright green valley galaxy (part of a pair) in the z=1.13 group which shows optical AGN emission lines.Comment: accepted to MNRAS, 15 pages, 11 figures, for version with full resolution figures see http://www.ucolick.org/~tesla/aegis_groups.ps.g

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Design tools for the engineering of biological systems

En biologie synthétique, il existe plusieurs manières d’adresser les problèmes soulevés dans plusieurs domaines comme la thérapeutique, les biofuels, les biomatériaux ou encore les biocapteurs. Nous avons choisi de nous concentrer sur l’une d’entre elles : les réseaux de régulation génétique (RRG). Un constat peut être fait : la diversité des problèmes résolus grâce aux RRGs est bridée par la complexité de ces RRGs, qui a atteint une limite. Quelles solutions s’offrent aux biologistes, pour repousser cette limite et continuer d’augmenter la complexité de leur système ? Cette thèse a pour but de fournir aux biologistes les outils nécessaires à la conception et à la simulation de RRGs complexes. Un examen de l’état de l’art en la matière nous a mené à adapter les outils de la micro-électronique à la biologie ainsi qu’à créer un algorithme de programmation génétique pour la conception des RRGs. D’une part, nous avons élaboré les modèles Verilog A de différents systèmes biologiques (passe-bande, proie-prédateur, repressilator, XOR) ainsi que de la diffusion spatiotemporelle d’une molécule. Ces modèles fonctionnent très bien avec plusieurs simulateurs électroniques (Spectre et NgSpice). D’autre part, les premières marches vers l’automatisation de la conception de RRGs ont été gravies. En effet, nous avons développé un algorithme capable d’optimiser les paramètres d’un RRG pour remplir un cahier des charges donné. De plus, la programmation génétique a été utilisée pour optimiser non seulement les paramètres d’un RRG mais aussi sa topologie. Ces outils ont su prouver leur utilité en apportant des réponses pertinentes à des problèmes soulevés lors du développement de systèmes biologiques. Ce travail a permis de montrer que notre approche, à savoir adapter les outils de la micro-électronique et utiliser des algorithmes de programmation génétique, est valide dans le contexte de la biologie synthétique. L’assistance que notre environnement de développement fournit au biologiste devrait encourager l’émergence de systèmes plus complexes.In synthetic biology, Gene Regulatory Networks (GRN) are one of the main ways to create new biological functions to solve problems in various areas (therapeutics, biofuels, biomaterials, biosensing). However, the complexity of the designed networks has reached a limit, thereby restraining the variety of problems they can address. How can biologists overcome this limit and further increase the complexity of their systems? The goal of this thesis is to provide the biologists with tools to assist them in the design and simulation of complex GRNs. To this aim, the current state of the art was examined and it was decided to adapt tools from the micro-electronic field to biology, as well as to create a Genetic Programming algorithm for GRN design. On the one hand, models of diffusion and of other various systems (band-pass, prey-predator, repressilator, XOR) were created and written in Verilog A. They are already implemented and well-functioning on the Spectre solver as well as a free solver, namely NgSpice. On the other hand, the first steps of automatic GRN design were achieved. Indeed, an algorithm able to optimize the parameters of a given GRN according to a specification was developed. Moreover, Genetic Programming was applied to GRN design, allowing the optimization of both the topology and the parameters of a GRN. These tools proved their usefulness for the biologists’ community by efficiently answering relevant biological questions arising in the development of a system. With this work, we were able to show that adapting microelectronics and Genetic Programming tools to biology is doable and useful. By assisting design and simulation, such tools should promote the emergence of more complex systems

Design tools for the engineering of biological systems

En biologie synthétique, il existe plusieurs manières d’adresser les problèmes soulevés dans plusieurs domaines comme la thérapeutique, les biofuels, les biomatériaux ou encore les biocapteurs. Nous avons choisi de nous concentrer sur l’une d’entre elles : les réseaux de régulation génétique (RRG). Un constat peut être fait : la diversité des problèmes résolus grâce aux RRGs est bridée par la complexité de ces RRGs, qui a atteint une limite. Quelles solutions s’offrent aux biologistes, pour repousser cette limite et continuer d’augmenter la complexité de leur système ? Cette thèse a pour but de fournir aux biologistes les outils nécessaires à la conception et à la simulation de RRGs complexes. Un examen de l’état de l’art en la matière nous a mené à adapter les outils de la micro-électronique à la biologie ainsi qu’à créer un algorithme de programmation génétique pour la conception des RRGs. D’une part, nous avons élaboré les modèles Verilog A de différents systèmes biologiques (passe-bande, proie-prédateur, repressilator, XOR) ainsi que de la diffusion spatiotemporelle d’une molécule. Ces modèles fonctionnent très bien avec plusieurs simulateurs électroniques (Spectre et NgSpice). D’autre part, les premières marches vers l’automatisation de la conception de RRGs ont été gravies. En effet, nous avons développé un algorithme capable d’optimiser les paramètres d’un RRG pour remplir un cahier des charges donné. De plus, la programmation génétique a été utilisée pour optimiser non seulement les paramètres d’un RRG mais aussi sa topologie. Ces outils ont su prouver leur utilité en apportant des réponses pertinentes à des problèmes soulevés lors du développement de systèmes biologiques. Ce travail a permis de montrer que notre approche, à savoir adapter les outils de la micro-électronique et utiliser des algorithmes de programmation génétique, est valide dans le contexte de la biologie synthétique. L’assistance que notre environnement de développement fournit au biologiste devrait encourager l’émergence de systèmes plus complexes.In synthetic biology, Gene Regulatory Networks (GRN) are one of the main ways to create new biological functions to solve problems in various areas (therapeutics, biofuels, biomaterials, biosensing). However, the complexity of the designed networks has reached a limit, thereby restraining the variety of problems they can address. How can biologists overcome this limit and further increase the complexity of their systems? The goal of this thesis is to provide the biologists with tools to assist them in the design and simulation of complex GRNs. To this aim, the current state of the art was examined and it was decided to adapt tools from the micro-electronic field to biology, as well as to create a Genetic Programming algorithm for GRN design. On the one hand, models of diffusion and of other various systems (band-pass, prey-predator, repressilator, XOR) were created and written in Verilog A. They are already implemented and well-functioning on the Spectre solver as well as a free solver, namely NgSpice. On the other hand, the first steps of automatic GRN design were achieved. Indeed, an algorithm able to optimize the parameters of a given GRN according to a specification was developed. Moreover, Genetic Programming was applied to GRN design, allowing the optimization of both the topology and the parameters of a GRN. These tools proved their usefulness for the biologists’ community by efficiently answering relevant biological questions arising in the development of a system. With this work, we were able to show that adapting microelectronics and Genetic Programming tools to biology is doable and useful. By assisting design and simulation, such tools should promote the emergence of more complex systems

Outils d'aide à la conception pour l'ingénierie de systèmes biologiques

In synthetic biology, Gene Regulatory Networks (GRN) are one of the main ways to create new biological functions to solve problems in various areas (therapeutics, biofuels, biomaterials, biosensing). However, the complexity of the designed networks has reached a limit, thereby restraining the variety of problems they can address. How can biologists overcome this limit and further increase the complexity of their systems? The goal of this thesis is to provide the biologists with tools to assist them in the design and simulation of complex GRNs. To this aim, the current state of the art was examined and it was decided to adapt tools from the micro-electronic field to biology, as well as to create a Genetic Programming algorithm for GRN design. On the one hand, models of diffusion and of other various systems (band-pass, prey-predator, repressilator, XOR) were created and written in Verilog A. They are already implemented and well-functioning on the Spectre solver as well as a free solver, namely NgSpice. On the other hand, the first steps of automatic GRN design were achieved. Indeed, an algorithm able to optimize the parameters of a given GRN according to a specification was developed. Moreover, Genetic Programming was applied to GRN design, allowing the optimization of both the topology and the parameters of a GRN. These tools proved their usefulness for the biologists’ community by efficiently answering relevant biological questions arising in the development of a system. With this work, we were able to show that adapting microelectronics and Genetic Programming tools to biology is doable and useful. By assisting design and simulation, such tools should promote the emergence of more complex systems.En biologie synthétique, il existe plusieurs manières d’adresser les problèmes soulevés dans plusieurs domaines comme la thérapeutique, les biofuels, les biomatériaux ou encore les biocapteurs. Nous avons choisi de nous concentrer sur l’une d’entre elles : les réseaux de régulation génétique (RRG). Un constat peut être fait : la diversité des problèmes résolus grâce aux RRGs est bridée par la complexité de ces RRGs, qui a atteint une limite. Quelles solutions s’offrent aux biologistes, pour repousser cette limite et continuer d’augmenter la complexité de leur système ? Cette thèse a pour but de fournir aux biologistes les outils nécessaires à la conception et à la simulation de RRGs complexes. Un examen de l’état de l’art en la matière nous a mené à adapter les outils de la micro-électronique à la biologie ainsi qu’à créer un algorithme de programmation génétique pour la conception des RRGs. D’une part, nous avons élaboré les modèles Verilog A de différents systèmes biologiques (passe-bande, proie-prédateur, repressilator, XOR) ainsi que de la diffusion spatiotemporelle d’une molécule. Ces modèles fonctionnent très bien avec plusieurs simulateurs électroniques (Spectre et NgSpice). D’autre part, les premières marches vers l’automatisation de la conception de RRGs ont été gravies. En effet, nous avons développé un algorithme capable d’optimiser les paramètres d’un RRG pour remplir un cahier des charges donné. De plus, la programmation génétique a été utilisée pour optimiser non seulement les paramètres d’un RRG mais aussi sa topologie. Ces outils ont su prouver leur utilité en apportant des réponses pertinentes à des problèmes soulevés lors du développement de systèmes biologiques. Ce travail a permis de montrer que notre approche, à savoir adapter les outils de la micro-électronique et utiliser des algorithmes de programmation génétique, est valide dans le contexte de la biologie synthétique. L’assistance que notre environnement de développement fournit au biologiste devrait encourager l’émergence de systèmes plus complexes

Feasibility and reliability of sequential logic with gene regulatory networks

Gene regulatory networks exhibiting Boolean behaviour, e.g. AND, OR or XOR, have been routinely designed for years. However, achieving more sophisticated functions, such as control or computation, usually requires sequential circuits or so-called state machines. For such a circuit, outputs depend both on inputs and the current state of the system. Although it is still possible to design such circuits by analogy with digital electronics, some particularities of biology make the task trickier. The impact of two of them, namely the stochasticity of biological processes and the inhomogeneity in the response of regulation mechanisms, are assessed in this paper. Numerical simulations performed in two use cases point out high risks of malfunctions even for designed GRNs functional from a theoretical point of view. Several solutions to improve reliability of such systems are also discussed

BAG3 protein regulates cell-survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.

Letter to the Edito

Low incidence of SARS-CoV-2, risk factors of mortality and the course of illness in the French national cohort of dialysis patients

International audienceThe aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 disease in the French national population of dialysis patients, their course of illness and to identify the risk factors associated with mortality. Our study included all patients on dialysis recorded in the French REIN Registry in April 2020. Clinical characteristics at last follow-up and the evolution of COVID-19 illness severity over time were recorded for diagnosed cases (either suspicious clinical symptoms, characteristic signs on the chest scan or a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) for SARS-CoV-2. A total of 1,621 infected patients were reported on the REIN registry from March 16th, 2020 to May 4th, 2020. Of these, 344 died. The prevalence of COVID-19 patients varied from less than 1% to 10% between regions. The probability of being a case was higher in males, patients with diabetes, those in need of assistance for transfer or treated at a self-care unit. Dialysis at home was associated with a lower probability of being infected as was being a smoker, a former smoker, having an active malignancy, or peripheral vascular disease. Mortality in diagnosed cases (21%) was associated with the same causes as in the general population. Higher age, hypoalbuminemia and the presence of an ischemic heart disease were statistically independently associated with a higher risk of death. Being treated at a selfcare unit was associated with a lower risk. Thus, our study showed a relatively low frequency of COVID-19 among dialysis patients contrary to what might have been assumed