Coverage of strategies for strengthening the basic health care

Objectives: Analyzing the coverage of strategies to strengthen Primary Care in the municipalities of the 4th Regional Health Management of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at the bank of indicators covering of Family Health teams (SF), Community Health Agents teams (ACS), National Programme for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care (PMAQ) Professional Enhancement Program of AB (PROVAB), Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS) and Stork Network of 25 municipalities. Results: 88% of the municipalities are suitable for the quantity of SF teams; 100% of the population is covered by ACS; 95,5% of SF teams joined the PMAQ; 48% did not join the PROVAB; 64% do not have CAPS; 32% did not join the Stork Network. Conclusion: These findings suggest the search for qualification and solving teams and health services, but show difficulties in expansion and articulation of actions

Coverage of strategies for strengthening the basic health care

Objetivos: analisar a cobertura das estratégias para fortalecimento da Atenção Básica nos municípios da 4a Gerência Regional de Saúde de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado no banco de indicadores de cobertura de equipes de Saúde da Família (SF), equipes de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS), Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ), Programa de Valorização do Profissional da AB (PROVAB), Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) e Rede Cegonha, de 25 municípios. Resultados: 88% dos municípios estão adequados em relação à quantidade de equipes de SF; 100% da população está coberta por ACS; 95,5% das equipes de SF aderiram ao PMAQ; 48% não aderiram ao PROVAB; 64% não possuem CAPS; 32% não aderiram à Rede Cegonha. Conclusão: os achados sinalizam a busca pela qualificação e resolubilidade das equipes e serviços de saúde, mas revelam dificuldades na expansão e articulação das ações.

El desafío familiar en el cuidado a las personas con transtorno mental

Objetivo: identificar os desafios encontrados pelos familiares que convivem com pessoas acometidas por transtorno mental. Método: pesquisa descritiva-exploratória, realizada em 2013. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevista com 19 familiares de usuários de um CAPS II com diagnóstico de transtornos de esquizofrenia, transtorno afetivo bipolar e depressão em um município do Oeste de Santa Catarina/SC. A interpretação das informações ocorreu a partir da análise de conteúdo temática. O estudo teve o Parecer favorável do projeto pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, sob nº 159.215/2012. Resultados: na análise, emergiram quatro temas: Sobrecarga emocional dos familiares; Impacto que o transtorno mental causa nos cuidadores; Ações do familiar para o cuidado na crise; e Dificuldades dos familiares com manejo do transtorno. Conclusão: há necessidade da inclusão da família no tratamento e a importância de se olhar para a família.Objective: to identify the challenges found by families living with people suffering from mental disorder. Method: it is descriptive exploratory research, conducted in 2013. The data collection was carried out through interviews with 19 relatives of CAPS II patients with schizophrenia disorders, bipolar disorder and depression in a city in the West of Santa Catarina/SC. The interpretation of information occurred from the thematic content analysis. The study had a favorable opinion of the project by the Research Ethics Committee, under Number 159,215/2012. Results: from the analysis four themes emerged: The emotional burden of the family; Impact that mental illness causes in caregivers; Family´s actions for care during crisis; and Family difficulties to handle the disorder. Conclusion: it is necessary to include the family in the treatment and the importance of looking for the family.Objetivo: identificar los desafíos encontrados por los familiares que conviven con personas con trantorno mental. Método: investigación descriptiva exploratoria, realizada en 2013. La recolección de datos fue por medio de entrevista, con 19 familiares de usuarios de un CAPS II con diagnóstico de trastornos de esquizofrenia, trastorno afectivo bipolar y depresión en un municipio del Oeste de Santa Catarina/SC. La interpretación de las informaciones se dio a partir del análisis de contenido temático. El estudio tuvo el parecer favorable del proyecto por el Comité de Ética en Investigación, sobre nº 159.215/2012. Resultados: en el análisis surgieron cuatro temas: Sobrecarga emocional de los familiares; Impacto que el trastorno mental causa en los cuidadores; Acciones del familiar para el cuidado en la crisis; y, Dificultades de los familiares con manejo del trastorno. Conclusión: hay necesidad de la inclusión de la familia en el tratamiento y la importancia de observar a la familia

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Improved risk stratification of patients with atrial fibrillation: an integrated GARFIELD-AF tool for the prediction of mortality, stroke and bleed in patients with and without anticoagulation.

OBJECTIVES: To provide an accurate, web-based tool for stratifying patients with atrial fibrillation to facilitate decisions on the potential benefits/risks of anticoagulation, based on mortality, stroke and bleeding risks. DESIGN: The new tool was developed, using stepwise regression, for all and then applied to lower risk patients. C-statistics were compared with CHA2DS2-VASc using 30-fold cross-validation to control for overfitting. External validation was undertaken in an independent dataset, Outcome Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF). PARTICIPANTS: Data from 39 898 patients enrolled in the prospective GARFIELD-AF registry provided the basis for deriving and validating an integrated risk tool to predict stroke risk, mortality and bleeding risk. RESULTS: The discriminatory value of the GARFIELD-AF risk model was superior to CHA2DS2-VASc for patients with or without anticoagulation. C-statistics (95% CI) for all-cause mortality, ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism and haemorrhagic stroke/major bleeding (treated patients) were: 0.77 (0.76 to 0.78), 0.69 (0.67 to 0.71) and 0.66 (0.62 to 0.69), respectively, for the GARFIELD-AF risk models, and 0.66 (0.64-0.67), 0.64 (0.61-0.66) and 0.64 (0.61-0.68), respectively, for CHA2DS2-VASc (or HAS-BLED for bleeding). In very low to low risk patients (CHA2DS2-VASc 0 or 1 (men) and 1 or 2 (women)), the CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED (for bleeding) scores offered weak discriminatory value for mortality, stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding. C-statistics for the GARFIELD-AF risk tool were 0.69 (0.64 to 0.75), 0.65 (0.56 to 0.73) and 0.60 (0.47 to 0.73) for each end point, respectively, versus 0.50 (0.45 to 0.55), 0.59 (0.50 to 0.67) and 0.55 (0.53 to 0.56) for CHA2DS2-VASc (or HAS-BLED for bleeding). Upon validation in the ORBIT-AF population, C-statistics showed that the GARFIELD-AF risk tool was effective for predicting 1-year all-cause mortality using the full and simplified model for all-cause mortality: C-statistics 0.75 (0.73 to 0.77) and 0.75 (0.73 to 0.77), respectively, and for predicting for any stroke or systemic embolism over 1 year, C-statistics 0.68 (0.62 to 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Performance of the GARFIELD-AF risk tool was superior to CHA2DS2-VASc in predicting stroke and mortality and superior to HAS-BLED for bleeding, overall and in lower risk patients. The GARFIELD-AF tool has the potential for incorporation in routine electronic systems, and for the first time, permits simultaneous evaluation of ischaemic stroke, mortality and bleeding risks. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362) and for ORBIT-AF (NCT01165710)

Two-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation: results from GARFIELD-AF.

AIMS: The relationship between outcomes and time after diagnosis for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is poorly defined, especially beyond the first year. METHODS AND RESULTS: GARFIELD-AF is an ongoing, global observational study of adults with newly diagnosed NVAF. Two-year outcomes of 17 162 patients prospectively enrolled in GARFIELD-AF were analysed in light of baseline characteristics, risk profiles for stroke/systemic embolism (SE), and antithrombotic therapy. The mean (standard deviation) age was 69.8 (11.4) years, 43.8% were women, and the mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 3.3 (1.6); 60.8% of patients were prescribed anticoagulant therapy with/without antiplatelet (AP) therapy, 27.4% AP monotherapy, and 11.8% no antithrombotic therapy. At 2-year follow-up, all-cause mortality, stroke/SE, and major bleeding had occurred at a rate (95% confidence interval) of 3.83 (3.62; 4.05), 1.25 (1.13; 1.38), and 0.70 (0.62; 0.81) per 100 person-years, respectively. Rates for all three major events were highest during the first 4 months. Congestive heart failure, acute coronary syndromes, sudden/unwitnessed death, malignancy, respiratory failure, and infection/sepsis accounted for 65% of all known causes of death and strokes for <10%. Anticoagulant treatment was associated with a 35% lower risk of death. CONCLUSION: The most frequent of the three major outcome measures was death, whose most common causes are not known to be significantly influenced by anticoagulation. This suggests that a more comprehensive approach to the management of NVAF may be needed to improve outcome. This could include, in addition to anticoagulation, interventions targeting modifiable, cause-specific risk factors for death. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Experimental dyspnoea interferes with locomotion and cognition: a randomised trial

Chronic respiratory diseases are associated with cognitive dysfunction, but whether dyspnoea by itself negatively impacts on cognition has not been demonstrated. Cortical networks engaged in subjects experiencing dyspnoea are also activated during other tasks that require cognitive input and this may provoke a negative impact through interference with each other

El desafío familiar en el cuidado a las personas con transtorno mental

Objetivo: identificar os desafios encontrados pelos familiares que convivem com pessoas acometidas por transtorno mental. Método: pesquisa descritiva-exploratória, realizada em 2013. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevista com 19 familiares de usuários de um CAPS II com diagnóstico de transtornos de esquizofrenia, transtorno afetivo bipolar e depressão em um município do Oeste de Santa Catarina/SC. A interpretação das informações ocorreu a partir da análise de conteúdo temática. O estudo teve o Parecer favorável do projeto pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, sob nº 159.215/2012. Resultados: na análise, emergiram quatro temas: Sobrecarga emocional dos familiares; Impacto que o transtorno mental causa nos cuidadores; Ações do familiar para o cuidado na crise; e Dificuldades dos familiares com manejo do transtorno. Conclusão: há necessidade da inclusão da família no tratamento e a importância de se olhar para a família.Objective: to identify the challenges found by families living with people suffering from mental disorder. Method: it is descriptive exploratory research, conducted in 2013. The data collection was carried out through interviews with 19 relatives of CAPS II patients with schizophrenia disorders, bipolar disorder and depression in a city in the West of Santa Catarina/SC. The interpretation of information occurred from the thematic content analysis. The study had a favorable opinion of the project by the Research Ethics Committee, under Number 159,215/2012. Results: from the analysis four themes emerged: The emotional burden of the family; Impact that mental illness causes in caregivers; Family´s actions for care during crisis; and Family difficulties to handle the disorder. Conclusion: it is necessary to include the family in the treatment and the importance of looking for the family.Objetivo: identificar los desafíos encontrados por los familiares que conviven con personas con trantorno mental. Método: investigación descriptiva exploratoria, realizada en 2013. La recolección de datos fue por medio de entrevista, con 19 familiares de usuarios de un CAPS II con diagnóstico de trastornos de esquizofrenia, trastorno afectivo bipolar y depresión en un municipio del Oeste de Santa Catarina/SC. La interpretación de las informaciones se dio a partir del análisis de contenido temático. El estudio tuvo el parecer favorable del proyecto por el Comité de Ética en Investigación, sobre nº 159.215/2012. Resultados: en el análisis surgieron cuatro temas: Sobrecarga emocional de los familiares; Impacto que el trastorno mental causa en los cuidadores; Acciones del familiar para el cuidado en la crisis; y, Dificultades de los familiares con manejo del trastorno. Conclusión: hay necesidad de la inclusión de la familia en el tratamiento y la importancia de observar a la familia