Gestión del alcance del proceso de excavación en roca necesaria para la construcción del sótano y cimentación del edificio “Taller 6”, bajo la metodología PMBOK 5ta edición numeral 5

Trabajo de investigaciónLa gestión del alcance de un proyecto incluye todos los procesos necesarios para garantizar que se realice con éxito, Debido a los últimos acontecimientos, en los que están involucrados los megaproyectos para el desarrollo de la infraestructura del país, se evidencia la falta de gestión del alcance, por tal motivo es necesario replantear los procesos que llevan a cabo los responsables de la planeación del proyecto. Se pudo identificar que los métodos tradicionales de construcción de edificios involucran la construcción de uno o varios sótanos no se desarrolla utilizando una herramienta práctica bajo los principios de la guía del PMBOK de su quinta edición en el capítulo 5.1 Generalidades 2 Marcos de referencia 3 Metodología 4 Productos por entregar 5 Resultados esperados e impacto 6 Conclusiones 7 BibliografíaEspecializaciónEspecialista en Gerencia de Obras Civile

Scaling-up climate services with users in Latin America

Latin America farmers are highly vulnerable to climate variability, with crop losses observed throughout the region on a virtually annual basis. For instance, as indicated by the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Food Program (WFP), the 2014–2017 drought conditions in Central America affected over 3.5 million people in Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. At the same time, local stakeholders and farmers generally have limited access to existing climate and forecast information, do not have sufficient capacities to understand the climate information and/or mechanisms to relate this information to the impact that climate variations can generate at a local level. This precludes the translation of information into actionable knowledge, and therefore into action. In this study, we describe a process through which scientists and strategic partners have co-developed, tested and scaled out an approach to assess, co-produce, translate and transfer climate information to enable agricultural decision making –the Local Technical Agroclimatic Committees (LTAC). LTACs allow open and clear dialogues about climate variations at multiple timescales, how these can affect crops, and the design of measures to reduce crop loss, particularly providing agronomic recommendations to farmers. We systematically describe the process of evidence generation, creation, partner engagement, scaling up, and monitoring of the approach throughout Latin America. Currently, 35 LTACs exist in 9 Latin American countries, engaging more than 250 public and private institutions, increasing the resilience and food security of an estimated 330,000 farmers, and potentially transforming how Latin American farmers manage climate risk. The study illustrates changes in institutional and farmers' capacities to co-produce, translate and use climate information and explores how better climate and crop prediction models can effectively underpin this process. We show how strategic alliances with farmer organizations, national public, and private and regional climate outlook forums help deliver improved and accurate climate information to users. Finally, we document how LTACs and their integration with other local-scale processes have led to changes in farmers’ management practices to take better advantage of good climatic conditions or avoid losses

Diseño e implementación de los sistemas de control de un receptor solar volumétrico y de la etapa de potencia de una central eléctrica termosolar

XXIV JORNADAS DE AUTOMÁTICA (24) (24.2003.LEÓN, ESPAÑA)En este trabajo se muestran someramente los esquemas de control desarrollados e implementados para poder operar de forma automática una planta solar de receptor central, caracterizada porque la energía incidente no puede ser manipulada. El trabajo pretende mejorar los esquemas de control existentes hasta el momento y que se han utilizado para la operación de la planta TSA, aprovechando además la instalación de un nuevo receptor volumétrico en la planta. El trabajo se centra en la descripción los sistemas de control del flujo de aire a través de receptor y en los sistemas de control de la etapa de potencia al no disponer de resultados de operación en la actualidad porque el nuevo receptor volumétrico está en fase de instalación.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología DPI2001-2380-C02Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología DPI2002-04375-C0

OXIDACIÓN BIOCATALÍTICA DE CONTAMINANTES AROMÁTICOS POR LA PEROXIDASA PROVENIENTE DE LA SOYA

This paper describes the biocatalytic performance of soybean peroxidase enzyme to oxidize aqueous aromatic pollutants such as organophosphorus pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and flavonoids from agro-industrial wastes. The conversions achieved were for the pesticides terbufos (14%) and dimethoate (30% conversion); for HPAs such as azulene (32%), 9-methyl anthracene (22%); anthracene, pyrene (29% each), and carbazole (18%); and for flavonoids such as ferulic acid (99%), quercetin (98%), rutin (50%) and naringin (10%). The tests were carried out on model samples and on simulated samples of contaminated effluents. In addition, the effect of pH and temperature on the enzyme activity was studied, being active from pH 3 to 6, and from 25 ˚C to 80 ˚C. The above concludes that soybean peroxidase is a good candidate for more comprehensive studies for possible application in effluents treatment containing aromatic pollutantsEl presente artículo describe el desempeño biocatalítico de la enzima peroxidasa de la soya para oxidar contaminantes acuosos del tipo aromáticos como plaguicidas organofosforados, hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), y flavonoides provenientes de residuos agroindustriales. Los ensayos se realizaron en muestras modelo y también en muestras simuladas de efluentes contaminados. El análisis se realizó por cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución (HPLC) y por espectrofotometría UV-vis. Las conversiones alcanzadas fueron para los plaguicidas terbufos (14%) y dimetoato (30% de conversión); para los HPAs como azuleno (32%), 9-metil antraceno (22%); antraceno y pireno (29% cada uno), y carbazol (18%); y los flavonoides como ácido ferúlico (99%), quercetina (98%), rutina (50%) y naringina (10%).  Se estudió el efecto del cambio de pH y de temperatura en la actividad de la enzima, siendo activa desde un pH de 3 hasta 6, y desde los 25 ˚C hasta los 80 ˚C. Lo anterior permite concluir que la peroxidasa de soya es un buen candidato para estudios más completos para su posible aplicación en la descontaminación de efluentes que contienen contaminantes aromáticos.&nbsp

Fidelidad de hospedero del parasitoide Aphidius ervi sobre hospederos áfidos natales y no natales

40 p.Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris y Sitobion avenae Fabricius son dos especies de áfidos considerados plagas de importancia agrícola en Chile, que atacan a varios cultivos anuales. El parasitoide Aphidius ervi es un eficaz controlador biológico para estos áfidos en Chile. Estudios anteriores han mostrado que las plantas atacadas por estos áfidos emiten compuestos volátiles que son percibidos por el parasitoide A. ervi, lo que causa que presente un comportamiento diferenciado y pueda seleccionar a su hospedero. Por esta razón, se evaluó olfatométricamente las preferencias olfativas del parasitoide A. ervi proveniente de dos orígenes, del áfido A. pisum y S. avenae. Por medio de un equipo de olfatometría con tubos Y, se diseñó un experimento que consta de dos tratamientos, uno con A. ervi proveniente de A. pisum frente a los olores de los complejos Avena-S. avenae y Haba-A. pisum y el otro tratamiento con A. ervi proveniente de S. avenae frente a los olores de loscomplejos Haba-S.pisum y Avena-S avenae.Se sugiere que A. ervi posee preferencias olfativas parcial hacia su hospedero no-natal en el tiempo a primera elección. Sin embargo, no hay evidencia de variación entre los tiempos totales de elección entre un complejo áfido-hospedero, ni de la frecuencia de ingresos a cada brazo del olfatometro (conteniendo tanto el complejo áfido-planta natal y no natal). Futuras investigaciones debieran tener presente otros factores tales como contacto físico, compuestos químicos no volátiles emitidos por el hospedero, señales visuales, acústicas y otras señales químicas, debido a que la investigación previa ha demostrado que estos factores también desempeñan un rol fundamental en la búsqueda de un hospedero por parte de A. ervi./ABSTRACT: Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris and Sitobion avenae Fabricius are two aphid species considered as important agricultural pests in Chile, as these aphid species attack several annual cultures. One of the most succesfully used biological controller agent against these aphid species is the parasitoid Aphidius ervi. Previous studies have shown that plants attacked by these aphid species release volatile compounds to the environment, volatiles that are perceived and recognized by the female A. ervi parasitoid, who perform a differential behavior regarding host selection (i.e attraction towards odour source, foraging). Therefore, olfatometer and olfactory preferences of two A. ervi strains reared on different aphid species (A. pisum and S. avenae) were evaluated.Using an tubes-Y olfatometer equipment, an experiment was designed in order to evaluate two treatments, one with A. ervi parasitoids reared in A. pisum and the other with A. ervi parasitoids reard on S. avenae. A.ervi parasitoids from each strain were tested in the olfactometer facing the volatiles of two different aphid-plant complex (S. avenae reared on Oat plants and A. pisum reared on beans plants). Behavior changes reflecting preference towards an aphid-plant complex were recorded.It is suggested that A. ervi has olfactory preferences towards its non-natal host, in the time to first election. Nevertheless, there was not evidence of differences between the total election times of one complex or another, nor in the frequency of visits to each olfactometer arm (either towards the arm containing the natal host-plant complex or torwards the non-natal host complex). Future investigations should consider other factors such as physical contact, non-volatile chemical compounds emitted by the host, visual, acoustic and other chemical cues, since previous research has also shown that these factors are also important in the host search process by A. ervi

Submesoscale, tidally-induced biogeochemical patterns in the Strait of Gibraltar

Tidal forcing and its fortnightly variation are known to be one of the main regulating agents of physical and biogeochemical signatures in the Strait of Gibraltar and surrounding areas. Samples obtained during spring and neap tides in the region were analyzed to determine the influence of this tidal variation on the submesoscale distribution of water masses and biological elements. During spring tides, strong and intermittent mixing processes between Mediterranean and Atlantic waters occur in the vicinity of the Camarinal Sill together with an eastward advection of those mixed waters into the Alboran Sea. Furthermore, the intense suction of surface coastal waters into the main channel of the strait was detected as chlorophyll patches in the Alboran Sea during spring tides. In contrast, the most characteristic phenomenon during neap tides was the arrival of pulses of relatively nutrient-rich North Atlantic Central Waters to the surface regions of the Alboran Sea. In addition, traces of the suction of coastal waters were observed for the first time during neap tides. Therefore, our results show that submesoscale processes are crucial in the dynamics of the Strait of Gibraltar, and they must be considered for the correct description of the biogeochemical features of Alboran Sea, especially during an inactive period of the coastal upwelling

Quiste de colédoco y embarazo. Reporte de 3 casos y revisión de la bibliografía

ResumenAntecedentesLos quistes de colédoco son una enfermedad rara que afecta principalmente a mujeres en la infancia, pero que pueden presentarse durante el embarazo. Sus síntomas y signos están opacados por los cambios en esta fase, por lo que el diagnóstico puede ser tardío y sus complicaciones poner en peligro tanto a la madre como al producto.ObjetivoPresentar 3 casos de quiste de colédoco en embarazadas, tratadas en un hospital de tercer nivel.Casos clínicosPresentamos 3 pacientes con diagnóstico de quiste de colédoco durante el embarazo. Dos desarrollaron datos de colangitis; la primera fue intervenida quirúrgicamente con anastomosis hepaticoyeyunal, pero abortó y falleció al décimo día del postoperatorio. La segunda tuvo una cesárea pretérmino por sufrimiento fetal; 4 semanas después fue intervenida con anastomosis hepaticoyeyunal, pero tuvo una perforación gástrica y falleció por complicaciones sépticas. La tercera no desarrolló colangitis, tuvo un embarazo sin complicaciones, se le realizó anastomosis hepaticoyeyunal 4 semanas después, con buenos resultados.ConclusionesEl tratamiento de los quistes de colédoco durante el embarazo está relacionado con la presencia de colangitis. Cuando no responden al tratamiento médico, la descompresión de la vía biliar está indicada. El tratamiento definitivo debe realizarse una vez resuelto el embarazo.AbstractBackgroundCholedochal cysts are rare. They usually present during childhood in women, but it can also be seen during pregnancy. Clinical signs and symptoms are obscured during this time, thus it can complicate the diagnosis and represent a life threatening complication for both the mother and the child.ObjectiveTo communicate the case of 3 pregnant patients with choledochal cyst.Clinical casesThree pregnant women in which choledochal cyst were diagnosed. Two developed signs of cholangitis. The first one underwent a hepatic-jejunostomy, but had an abortion and died on postoperative day 10. The second one had a preterm caesarean operation due to foetal distress and underwent a hepatic-jejunostomy 4 weeks later; during her recovery she had a gastric perforation and died of septic complications. The third one did not develop cholangitis or jaundice. She had an uneventful pregnancy and had a hepatic-jejunostomy 4 weeks later with good results.ConclusionsManagement of choledochal cysts during pregnancy is related to the presence of cholangitis. When they do not respond to medical treatment, decompression of the biliary tree is indicated. Definitive treatment should be performed after resolution of the pregnancy

Modeling the biogeochemical seasonal cycle in the Strait of Gibraltar

A physical-biological coupled model was used to estimate the effect of the physical processes at the Strait of Gibraltar over the biogeochemical features of the Atlantic Inflow (AI) towards the Mediterranean Sea. This work was focused on the seasonal variation of the biogeochemical patterns in the AI and the role of the Strait; including primary production and phytoplankton features. As the physical model is 1D (horizontal) and two-layer, different integration methods for the primary production in the Biogeochemical Fluxes Model (BFM) have been evaluated. An approach based on the integration of a production-irradiance function was the chosen method. Using this Plankton Functional Type model (BFM), a simplified phytoplankton seasonal cycle in the AI was simulated. Main results included a principal bloom in spring dominated by nanoflagellates, whereas minimum biomass (mostly picophytoplankton) was simulated during summer. Physical processes occurring in the Strait could trigger primary production and raise phytoplankton biomass (during spring and autumn), mainly due to two combined effects. First, in the Strait a strong interfacial mixing (causing nutrient supply to the upper layer) is produced, and, second, a shoaling of the surface Atlantic layer occurs eastward. Our results show that these phenomena caused an integrated production of 105 g C m− 2 year− 1 in the eastern side of the Strait, and would also modify the proportion of the different phytoplankton groups. Nanoflagellates were favored during spring/autumn while picophytoplankton is more abundant in summer. Finally, AI could represent a relevant source of nutrients and biomass to Alboran Sea, fertilizing the upper layer of this area with 4.95 megatons nitrate year− 1 (79.83 gigamol year− 1) and 0.44 megatons C year− 1. A main advantage of this coupled model is the capability of solving relevant high-resolution processes as the tidal forcing without expensive computing requirements, allowing to assess the effect of these phenomena on the biogeochemical patterns at longer time scales

Synthesis of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzoxazol-2-ones by a highly regioselective Diels-Alder cycloaddition of exo-oxazolidin-2-one dienes with chalcones

En este trabajo se describe la reactividad química de derivados de chalconas y dienos exo heterocíclicos, obteniéndose una serie de compuestos los cuales fueron caracterizados y rigurosamente identificados, demostrando de esta manera la conducta de estas moléculas en ambientes controlados.The synthesis of novel of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzoxazol-2-ones is herein reported. They were obtained in moderate to good yields by a highly regio- and stereoselective Diels-Alder cycloaddition of N-substituted exo-oxazolidin-2-one dienes with chalcones or bis-chalcones as dienophilesSecretaría de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Méxic

Assessment of the Skill of Coupled Physical-Biogeochemical Models in the NW Mediterranean

18 pages, 13 figures, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.00497/full#supplementary-material.-- Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/access-to-products/, http://www.ba.ieo.es/ibamar, http://thredds.socib.es/thredds/catalog.htmlNumerical modeling is a key tool to complement the current physical and biogeochemical observational datasets. It is essential for understanding the role of oceanographic processes on marine food webs and producing climate change projections of variables affecting key ecosystem functions. In this work, we evaluate the horizontal and vertical patterns of four state-of-the-art coupled physical–biogeochemical models, three of them already published. Two of the models include data assimilation, physical and/or biological, and two do not. Simulations are compared to the most exhaustive dataset of in situ observations in the North Western Mediterranean, built ad hoc for this work, comprising gliders and conventional CTD surveys and complemented with satellite observations. The analyses are performed both in the whole domain and in four subregions (Catalan Shelf, Ebro Delta, Mallorca Channel, and Ibiza Channel), characterized by a priori divergent primary production dynamics and driving mechanisms. Overall, existing models offer a reasonable representation of physical processes including stratification, surface temperature, and surface currents, but it is shown that relatively small differences among them can lead to large differences in the response of biogeochemical variables. Our results show that all models are able to reproduce the main seasonal patterns of primary production both at the upper layer and at the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), as well as the differential behavior of the four subregions. However, there are significant discrepancies in the local variability of the intensity of the winter mixing, phytoplankton blooms, or the intensity and depth of the DCM. All model runs show markedly contrasting patterns of interannual phytoplankton biomass in all four subregions. This lack of robustness should dissuade end users from using them to fill gaps in time series observations without assessing their appropriateness. Finally, we discuss the usability of these models for different applications in marine ecology, including fishery oceanographyThis work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement no. 678193 (CERES, Climate Change and European Aquatic Resources). ER-R is grateful for the funding from “Govern de les Illes Balears-Conselleria d’Innovació, Recerca i Turisme, Programa Vicenç Mut.”With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)Peer reviewe