Engagement and Action for Health: The Contribution of Leaders’ Collaborative Skills to Partnership Success

A multi-site evaluation (survey) of five Kellogg-funded Community Partnerships (CPs) in South Africa was undertaken to explore the relationship between leadership skills and a range of 30 operational, functional and organisational factors deemed critical to successful CPs. The CPs were collaborative academic-health service-community efforts aimed at health professions education reforms. The level of agreement to eleven dichotomous (‘Yes/No’) leadership skills items was used to compute two measures of members’ appreciation of their CPs’ leadership. The associations between these measures and 30 CPs factors were explored, and the partnership factors that leadership skills explained were assessed after controlling. Respondents who perceived the leadership of their CPs favourably had more positive ratings across 30 other partnership factors than those who rated leadership skills less favourably, and were more likely to report a positive cost/ benefit ratio. In addition, respondents who viewed their CPs’ leadership positively also rated the operational understanding, the communication mechanisms, as well as the rules and procedures of the CPs more favourably. Leadership skills explained between 20% and 7% of the variance of 10 partnership factors. The influence of leaders’ skills in effective health-focussed partnerships is much broader than previously conceptualised

Coparenting after marital dissolution and children's mental health: a systematic review

Research has shown that coparenting is a vital family mechanism in predicting mental health in children and adolescents. Considering the increasing prevalence of marital dissolution in Western societies, the objective of this systematic review was to summarize the key results of empirical studies that tested the association between mental health of children and coparenting after marital dissolution.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Retarded photooxidation of cyamemazine in biomimetic microenvironments

Cyamemazine (CMZ) is a neuroleptic drug that mediates cutaneous phototoxicity in humans. Here, the photobehavior of CMZ has been examined within (1)-acid glycoproteins, - and -cyclodextrins and SDS micelles. In all these microenvironments, CMZ emission was enhanced and blue-shifted, and its lifetime was longer. Irradiation of the entrapped drug at 355nm, under air; led to the N,S-dioxide. Within glycoproteins or SDS micelles the reaction was clearly slower than in phosphate buffered solution (PBS); protection by cyclodextrins was less marked. Transient absorption spectroscopy in PBS revealed formation of the triplet state ((3)CMZ*) and the radical cation (CMZ(+center dot)). Upon addition of glycoprotein, the contribution of CMZ(+center dot) became negligible, whereas (3)CMZ* dominated the spectra; in addition, the triplet lifetime became considerably longer. In cyclodextrins, this occurred to a lower extent. In all microheterogeneous systems, quenching by oxygen was slower than in solution; this was most remarkable inside glycoproteins. The highest protection from photooxidation was achieved inside SDS micelles. The results are consistent with photooxidation of CMZ through photoionization and subsequent trapping of the resulting radical cation by oxygen. This reaction is extremely sensitive to the medium and constitutes an appropriate probe for localization of the drug within a variety of biological compartments.Financial support from the Spanish Government (CTQ2010-14882, BES-2011-043706, JCI-2010-06204) and from the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII/2013/005) is gratefully acknowledged.Limones Herrero, D.; Pérez Ruiz, R.; Jiménez Molero, MC.; Miranda Alonso, MÁ. (2014). Retarded photooxidation of cyamemazine in biomimetic microenvironments. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 90(5):1012-1016. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12303S10121016905Feinberg, A. P., & Snyder, S. H. (1975). Phenothiazine drugs: structure-activity relationships explained by a conformation that mimics dopamine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 72(5), 1899-1903. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.5.1899Jaszczyszyn, A., Gąsiorowski, K., Świątek, P., Malinka, W., Cieślik-Boczula, K., Petrus, J., & Czarnik-Matusewicz, B. (2012). Chemical structure of phenothiazines and their biological activity. Pharmacological Reports, 64(1), 16-23. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70726-0Domínguez, J. N., López, S., Charris, J., Iarruso, L., Lobo, G., Semenov, A., … Rosenthal, P. J. (1997). Synthesis and Antimalarial Effects of Phenothiazine Inhibitors of aPlasmodium falciparumCysteine Protease. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 40(17), 2726-2732. doi:10.1021/jm970266pAaron, J. J., Gaye Seye, M. D., Trajkovska, S., & Motohashi, N. (2008). Bioactive Phenothiazines and Benzo[a]phenothiazines: Spectroscopic Studies, and Biological and Biomedical Properties and Applications. Bioactive Heterocycles VII, 153-231. doi:10.1007/7081_2008_125White, N. D., & Lenz, T. L. (2013). Drug-Induced Photosensitivity and the Major Culprits. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 7(3), 189-191. doi:10.1177/1559827613475575Onoue, S., Kato, M., Inoue, R., Seto, Y., & Yamada, S. (2013). Photosafety Screening of Phenothiazine Derivatives With Combined Use of Photochemical and Cassette-Dosing Pharmacokinetic Data. Toxicological Sciences, 137(2), 469-477. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kft260Albini , A. E. Fasani B. D. Glass M. E. Brown P. M. Drummond 1998 Photoreactivity versus activity of a selected class of phenothiazines: A comparative study Drugs, Photochemistry and Photostability A. Albini and E. Fasani 134 149 Royal Society of Chemistry CambridgeElisei, F., Latterini, L., Gaetano Aloisi, G., Mazzucato, U., Viola, G., Miolo, G., … Dall’Acqua, F. (2002). Excited-state Properties and In Vitro Phototoxicity Studies of Three Phenothiazine Derivatives¶. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 75(1), 11. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0752.0.co;2García, C., Piñero, L., Oyola, R., & Arce, R. (2009). Photodegradation of 2-chloro Substituted Phenothiazines in Alcohols. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 85(1), 160-170. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00412.xRonzani, F., Trivella, A., Arzoumanian, E., Blanc, S., Sarakha, M., Richard, C., … Lacombe, S. (2013). Comparison of the photophysical properties of three phenothiazine derivatives: transient detection and singlet oxygen production. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 12(12), 2160. doi:10.1039/c3pp50246eFournier, T., Medjoubi-N, N., & Porquet, D. (2000). Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology, 1482(1-2), 157-171. doi:10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00153-9Safaa, E.-G., Wollert, U., & Müller, W. E. (1983). Binding of Several Phenothiazine Neuroleptics to a Common Binding Site of α1-Acid Glycoprotein, Orosomucoid. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 72(2), 202-205. doi:10.1002/jps.2600720229MIYOSHI, T., SUKIMOTO, K., & OTAGIRI, M. (1992). Investigation of the Interaction Mode of Phenothiazine Neuroleptics with α1-Acid Glycoprotein. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 44(1), 28-33. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb14358.xTaheri, S., Cogswell, L. P., Gent, A., & Strichartz, G. R. (2003). Hydrophobic and Ionic Factors in the Binding of Local Anesthetics to the Major Variant of Human α1-Acid Glycoprotein. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 304(1), 71-80. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.042028Schill, G., Wainer, I. W., & Barkan, S. A. (1986). Chiral separations of cationic and anionic drugs on an α1-acid glycoprotein-bonded stationary phase (enantiopac®). Journal of Chromatography A, 365, 73-88. doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81544-2Michishita, T., Franco, P., & Zhang, T. (2010). New approaches of LC-MS compatible method development on α1-acid glycoprotein-based stationary phase for resolution of enantiomers by HPLC. Journal of Separation Science, 33(23-24), 3627-3637. doi:10.1002/jssc.201000627Hermansson, J., & Grahn, A. (1995). Optimization of the separation of enantiomers of basic drugs retention mechanisms and dynamic modification of the chiral bonding properties on a α1-acid glycoprotein column. Journal of Chromatography A, 694(1), 57-69. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(94)00936-4Caetano, W., & Tabak, M. (2000). Interaction of Chlorpromazine and Trifluoperazine with Anionic Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) Micelles: Electronic Absorption and Fluorescence Studies. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 225(1), 69-81. doi:10.1006/jcis.2000.6720Ghosh, H. N., Sapre, A. V., Palit, D. K., & Mittal, J. P. (1997). Picosecond Flash Photolysis Studies on Phenothiazine in Organic and Micellar Solution. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 101(13), 2315-2320. doi:10.1021/jp963028zIRIE, T., SUNADA, M., OTAGIRI, M., & UEKAMA, K. (1983). Protective mechanism of .BETA.-cyclodextrin for the hemolysis induced with phenothiazine neuroleptics in vitro. Journal of Pharmacobio-Dynamics, 6(6), 408-414. doi:10.1248/bpb1978.6.408Chankvetadze, B., Kartozia, I., Burjanadze, N., Bergenthal, D., Luftmann, H., & Blaschke, G. (2001). Enantioseperation of chiral phenothiazine derivatives in capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrin type chiral selectors. Chromatographia, 53(S1), S290-S295. doi:10.1007/bf02490344Conilleau, V., Dompmartin, A., Michel, M., Verneuil, L., & Leroy, D. (2000). Photoscratch testing in systemic drug-induced photosensitivity. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 16(2), 62-66. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0781.2000.d01-5.xMorlière, P., Bosca, F., Miranda, M. A., Castell, J. V., & Santus, R. (2004). Primary Photochemical Processes of the Phototoxic Neuroleptic Cyamemazine: A Study by Laser Flash Photolysis and Steady-state Irradiation¶. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 80(3), 535. doi:10.1562/2004-03-15-ra-114.1Morlière, P., Haigle, J., Aissani, K., Filipe, P., Silva, J. N., & Santus, R. (2004). An Insight into the Mechanisms of the Phototoxic Response Induced by Cyamemazine in Cultured Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes¶. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 79(2), 163. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2004)0792.0.co;2Garcia, C., Smith, G. A., McGimpsey, W. G., Kochevar, I. E., & Redmond, R. W. (1995). Mechanism and Solvent Dependence for Photoionization of Promazine and Chlorpromazine. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 117(44), 10871-10878. doi:10.1021/ja00149a010Gao, Y., Chen, J., Zhuang, X., Wang, J., Pan, Y., Zhang, L., & Yu, S. (2007). Proton transfer in phenothiazine photochemical oxidation: Laser flash photolysis and fluorescence studies. Chemical Physics, 334(1-3), 224-231. doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.03.00

Differential regulation of Krüppel-like factor family transcription factor expression in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes: effects of endothelin-1, oxidative stress and cytokines

Krüppel-like transcription factors (Klfs) modulate fundamental cell processes. Cardiac myocytes are terminally-differentiated, but hypertrophy in response to stimuli such as endothelin-1. H2O2 or cytokines promote myocyte apoptosis. Microarray studies of neonatal rat myocytes identified several Klfs as endothelin-1-responsive genes. We used quantitative PCR for further analysis of Klf expression in neonatal rat myocytes. In response to endothelin-1, Klf2 mRNA expression was rapidly increased ( approximately 9-fold; 15-30 min) with later increases in expression of Klf4 and Klf6 ( approximately 5-fold; 30-60 min). All were regulated as immediate early genes (cycloheximide did not inhibit the increases in expression). Klf5 expression was increased at 1-2 h ( approximately 13-fold) as a second phase response (cycloheximide inhibited the increase). These increases were transient and attenuated by U0126. H2O2 increased expression of Klf2, Klf4 and Klf6, but interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor alpha downregulated Klf2 expression with no effect on Klf4 or Klf6. Of the Klfs which repress transcription, endothelin-1 rapidly downregulated expression of Klf3, Klf11 and Klf15. The dynamic regulation of expression of multiple Klf family members in cardiac myocytes suggests that, as a family, they are actively involved in regulating phenotypic responses (hypertrophy and apoptosis) to extracellular stimuli

Neo-Anal Sphincter Fabrication in the Rat

Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP)http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/116119/1/Neo_Anal_SphincterFabrication_Rats.pd

Calculation of excited polaron states in the Holstein model

An exact diagonalization technique is used to investigate the low-lying excited polaron states in the Holstein model for the infinite one-dimensional lattice. For moderate values of the adiabatic ratio, a new and comprehensive picture, involving three excited (coherent) polaron bands below the phonon threshold, is obtained. The coherent contribution of the excited states to both the single-electron spectral density and the optical conductivity is evaluated and, due to the invariance of the Hamiltonian under the space inversion, the two are shown to contain complementary information about the single-electron system at zero temperature. The chosen method reveals the connection between the excited bands and the renormalized local phonon excitations of the adiabatic theory, as well as the regime of parameters for which the electron self-energy has notable non-local contributions. Finally, it is shown that the hybridization of two polaron states allows a simple description of the ground and first excited state in the crossover regime.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, submitted to PR

New Physics and CP Violation in Hyperon Nonleptonic Decays

The sum of the CP-violating asymmetries A(Lambda_-^0) and A(Xi_-^-) in hyperon nonleptonic decays is presently being measured by the E871 experiment. We evaluate contributions to the asymmetries induced by chromomagnetic-penguin operators, whose coefficients can be enhanced in certain models of new physics. Incorporating recent information on the strong phases in Xi->Lambda pi decay, we show that new-physics contributions to the two asymmetries can be comparable. We explore how the upcoming results of E871 may constrain the coefficients of the operators. We find that its preliminary measurement is already better than the epsilon parameter of K-Kbar mixing in bounding the parity-conserving contributions.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figure

Thermal photons in QGP and non-ideal effects

We investigate the thermal photon production-rates using one dimensional boost-invariant second order relativistic hydrodynamics to find proper time evolution of the energy density and the temperature. The effect of bulk-viscosity and non-ideal equation of state are taken into account in a manner consistent with recent lattice QCD estimates. It is shown that the \textit{non-ideal} gas equation of state i.e $\epsilon-3\,P\,\neq 0$ behaviour of the expanding plasma, which is important near the phase-transition point, can significantly slow down the hydrodynamic expansion and thereby increase the photon production-rates. Inclusion of the bulk viscosity may also have similar effect on the hydrodynamic evolution. However the effect of bulk viscosity is shown to be significantly lower than the \textit{non-ideal} gas equation of state. We also analyze the interesting phenomenon of bulk viscosity induced cavitation making the hydrodynamical description invalid. We include the viscous corrections to the distribution functions while calculating the photon spectra. It is shown that ignoring the cavitation phenomenon can lead to erroneous estimation of the photon flux.Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures; accepted for publication in JHE

Annual Research Review: interparental conflict and youth psychopathology: an evidence review and practice focused update

The quality of the interparental relationship is recognized as an important influence on child and adolescent psychopathology. Historically, clinically-oriented research on this topic has focused on the impacts of parental divorce and domestic violence as primary interparental relationship influences on child outcomes, to the relative neglect of dimensional or qualitative features of the couple/interparental relationship for youth (child and adolescent) psychopathology. Recent research has highlighted that children are affected by attributes of interparental conflict, specifically how parents express and manage conflicts in their relationship, across a continuum of expressed severity and negativity – ranging from silence to violence. Further, new evidence highlights that children’s emotional, behavioral, social, academic outcomes and future interpersonal relationships are adversely affected by conflict between parents/carers whether adults are living together or not (i.e. married or separated), or where children are or are not genetically related to their rearing parents (e.g. adoption). We review evidence and present an integrated theoretical model, highlighting how children are affected by interparental conflict and what this evidence base means for effective intervention and prevention program development, as well as the development of possible cost-benefit models. Additionally, we review policy implications of this research and highlight some very recent examples of UK-based policy focusing on addressing the interparental relationship and its impact on youth psychopathology

Associations between early maternal sensitivity and children's sleep throughout early childhood

Despite strong theoretical reasons to believe that the quality of parent-infant interactions should influence child sleep, the empirical evidence for links between maternal behavior and children’s sleep is equivocal. Notably, it is unclear at which ages such influences might be particularly salient. The current study aimed to examine prospective longitudinal associations between early maternal sensitivity and children’s sleep during early childhood. Maternal sensitivity was assessed at 12 months during a home visit. Children’s sleep was measured at 12 and 18 months as well as at 2, 3, and 4 years, using a sleep diary completed by mothers. Results revealed significant or marginal positive associations between maternal sensitivity and children’s sleep consolidation (percentage of nighttime sleep) at 2, 3 and 4 years, but not at the most proximal assessments of 12 and 18 months. These findings suggest that child age could potentially be a key factor in the associations between maternal behavior and children’s sleep