453 research outputs found
The Trouble with Hubble Types in the Virgo Cluster
Quantitative measures of central light concentration and star formation
activity are derived from R and Halpha surface photometry of 84 bright S0-Scd
Virgo Cluster and isolated spiral galaxies. For isolated spirals, there is a
good correlation between these two parameters and assigned Hubble types. In the
Virgo Cluster, the correlation between central light concentration and star
formation activity is significantly weaker. Virgo Cluster spirals have
systematically reduced global star formation with respect to isolated spirals,
with severe reduction in the outer disk, but normal or enhanced activity in the
inner disk. Assigned Hubble types are thus inadequate to describe the range in
morphologies of bright Virgo Cluster spirals. In particular, spirals with
reduced global star formation activity are often assigned misleading early-type
classifications, irrespective of their central light concentrations. 45+-25% of
the galaxies classified as Sa in the Virgo Cluster sample have central light
concentrations more characteristic of isolated Sb-Sc galaxies. The misleading
classification of low concentration galaxies with low star formation rates as
early-type spirals may account for part of the excess of `early-type' spiral
galaxies in clusters. Thus the morphology-density relationship is not all due
to a systematic increase in the bulge-to-disk ratio with environmental density.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters. Latex aaspp4.sty, 9 pages, 2
Postscript (embedded) figures. Also available at
http://www.astro.yale.edu/koopmann/preprint.htm
An Atlas of H-alpha and R Images and Radial Profiles of 29 Bright Isolated Spiral Galaxies
Narrow-band H-alpha+[NII] and broadband R images and surface photometry are
presented for a sample of 29 bright (M_B < -18) isolated S0-Scd galaxies within
a distance of 48 Mpc. These galaxies are among the most isolated nearby spiral
galaxies of their Hubble classifications as determined from the Nearby Galaxies
Catalog (Tully 1987a).Comment: To appear in Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 17 pages,
including 8 atlas pages in JPEG format. Version with high resolution figures
available at http://www1.union.edu/~koopmanr/preprints.htm
Environmental Effects in Clusters: Modified Far-Infrared--Radio Relations within Virgo Cluster Galaxies
(abridged) We present a study on the effects of the intracluster medium (ICM)
on the interstellar medium (ISM) of 10 Virgo cluster spiral galaxies using {\it
Spitzer} far-infrared (FIR) and VLA radio continuum imaging. Relying on the
FIR-radio correlation within normal galaxies, we use our infrared data to
create model radio maps which we compare to the observed radio images. For 6 of
our sample galaxies we find regions along their outer edges that are highly
deficient in the radio compared with our models. We believe these observations
are the signatures of ICM ram pressure. For NGC 4522 we find the radio deficit
region to lie just exterior to a region of high radio polarization and flat
radio spectral index, although the total 20 cm radio continuum in this region
does not appear strongly enhanced. These characteristics seem consistent for
other galaxies with radio polarization data in the literature. The strength of
the radio deficit is inversely correlated with the time since peak pressure as
inferred from stellar population studies and gas stripping simulations,
suggesting the strength of the radio deficit is good indicator of the strength
of the current ram pressure. We also find that galaxies having {\it local}
radio {\it deficits} appear to have {\it enhanced global} radio fluxes. Our
preferred physical picture is that the observed radio deficit regions arise
from the ICM wind sweeping away cosmic-ray (CR) electrons and the associated
magnetic field, thereby creating synchrotron tails as observed for some of our
galaxies. We propose that CR particles are also re-accelerated by ICM-driven
shocklets behind the observed radio deficit regions which in turn enhances the
remaining radio disk brightness.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures; Astrophysical Journa
A H2O2-producing glyoxal oxidase is required for filamentous growth and pathogenicity in Ustilago maydis
Genome-Wide Identification of Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTLs) in Human Heart.
In recent years genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered numerous chromosomal loci associated with various electrocardiographic traits and cardiac arrhythmia predisposition. A considerable fraction of these loci lie within inter-genic regions. The underlying trait-associated variants likely reside in regulatory regions and exert their effect by modulating gene expression. Hence, the key to unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying these cardiac traits is to interrogate variants for association with differential transcript abundance by expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis. In this study we conducted an eQTL analysis of human heart. For a total of 129 left ventricular samples that were collected from non-diseased human donor hearts, genome-wide transcript abundance and genotyping was determined using microarrays. Each of the 18,402 transcripts and 897,683 SNP genotypes that remained after pre-processing and stringent quality control were tested for eQTL effects. We identified 771 eQTLs, regulating 429 unique transcripts. Overlaying these eQTLs with cardiac GWAS loci identified novel candidates for studies aimed at elucidating the functional and transcriptional impact of these loci. Thus, this work provides for the first time a comprehensive eQTL map of human heart: a powerful and unique resource that enables systems genetics approaches for the study of cardiac traits
The STAGES view of red spirals and dusty red galaxies: Mass-dependent quenching of star-formation in cluster infall
We investigate the properties of optically passive spirals and dusty red
galaxies in the A901/2 cluster complex at redshift ~0.17 using restframe
near-UV-optical SEDs, 24 micron IR data and HST morphologies from the STAGES
dataset. The cluster sample is based on COMBO-17 redshifts with an rms
precision of sigma_cz~2000 km/sec. We find that 'dusty red galaxies' and
'optically passive spirals' in A901/2 are largely the same phenomenon, and that
they form stars at a substantial rate, which is only 4x lower than that in blue
spirals at fixed mass. This star formation is more obscured than in blue
galaxies and its optical signatures are weak. They appear predominantly in the
stellar mass range of log M*/Msol=[10,11] where they constitute over half of
the star-forming galaxies in the cluster; they are thus a vital ingredient for
understanding the overall picture of star formation quenching in clusters. We
find that the mean specific SFR of star-forming galaxies in the cluster is
clearly lower than in the field, in contrast to the specific SFR properties of
blue galaxies alone, which appear similar in cluster and field. Such a rich red
spiral population is best explained if quenching is a slow process and
morphological transformation is delayed even more. At log M*/Msol<10, such
galaxies are rare, suggesting that their quenching is fast and accompanied by
morphological change. We note, that edge-on spirals play a minor role; despite
being dust-reddened they form only a small fraction of spirals independent of
environment.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA
Ring Star Formation Rates in Barred and Nonbarred Galaxies
Nonbarred ringed galaxies are relatively normal galaxies showing bright rings
of star formation in spite of lacking a strong bar. This morphology is
interesting because it is generally accepted that a typical ring forms when
material collects near a resonance, set up by the pattern speed of a bar or
bar-like perturbation. Our goal in this paper is to examine whether the ring
star formation properties are related to the non-axisymmetric gravity potential
in general. For this purpose, we obtained H{\alpha} emission line images and
calculated the line fluxes and star formation rates (SFRs) for 16 nonbarred SA
galaxies and four weakly barred SAB galaxies with rings. For comparison, we
combine our observations with a re-analysis of previously published data on
five SA, seven SAB, and 15 SB galaxies with rings, three of which are
duplicates from our sample. With these data, we examine what role a bar may
play in the star formation process in rings. Compared to barred ringed
galaxies, we find that the inner ring SFRs and H{\alpha}+[N ii] equivalent
widths in nonbarred ringed galaxies show a similar range and trend with
absolute blue magnitude, revised Hubble type, and other parameters. On the
whole, the star formation properties of inner rings, excluding the distribution
of H ii regions, are independent of the ring shapes and the bar strength in our
small samples. We confirm that the deprojected axis ratios of inner rings
correlate with maximum relative gravitational force Q_g; however, if we
consider all rings, a better correlation is found when local bar forcing at the
radius of the ring, Q_r, is used. Individual cases are described and other
correlations are discussed. By studying the physical properties of these
galaxies, we hope to gain a better understanding of their placement in the
scheme of the Hubble sequence and how they formed rings without the driving
force of a bar.Comment: 55 pages; 21 figures and 9 tables. Article has been accepted for
publication in the Astronomical Journa
Atomic and Molecular Gas Components in Spiral Galaxies of the Virgo Cluster
Based on two models, we investigate the molecular-to-atomic gas ratio in
Virgo cluster galaxies in comparison with field galaxies. We show that the
enhanced metallicity for cluster members and the ram pressure stripping of
atomic gas from the disk periphery cannot fully explain the observed gas
component ratios. The additional environmental factors affecting the
interstellar medium and leading to an increase in the molecular gas fraction
should be taken into account for cluster galaxies.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure
Metal enrichment of the intra-cluster medium over a Hubble time for merging and relaxed galaxy clusters
We investigate the efficiency of galactic mass loss, triggered by
ram-pressure stripping and galactic winds of cluster galaxies, on the chemical
enrichment of the intra-cluster medium (ICM). We combine N-body and
hydrodynamic simulations with a semi-numerical galaxy formation model. By
including simultaneously different enrichment processes, namely ram-pressure
stripping and galactic winds, in galaxy-cluster simulations, we are able to
reproduce the observed metal distribution in the ICM. We find that the mass
loss by galactic winds in the redshift regime z>2 is ~10% to 20% of the total
galactic wind mass loss, whereas the mass loss by ram-pressure stripping in the
same epoch is up to 5% of the total ram-pressure stripping mass loss over the
whole simulation time. In the cluster formation epochs z<2 ram-pressure
stripping becomes more dominant than galactic winds. We discuss the
non-correlation between the evolution of the mean metallicity of galaxy
clusters and the galactic mass losses. For comparison with observations we
present two dimensional maps of the ICM quantities and radial metallicity
profiles. The shape of the observed profiles is well reproduced by the
simulations in the case of merging systems. In the case of cool-core clusters
the slope of the observed profiles are reproduced by the simulation at radii
below ~300 kpc, whereas at larger radii the observed profiles are shallower. We
confirm the inhomogeneous metal distribution in the ICM found in observations.
To study the robustness of our results, we investigate two different
descriptions for the enrichment process interaction.Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in A&A, high
resolution version can be found at
<http://astro.uibk.ac.at/~wolfgang/kapferer.pdf
The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey: II. Truncated dust disks in HI-deficient spirals
By combining Herschel-SPIRE observations obtained as part of the Herschel
Virgo Cluster Survey with 21 cm HI data from the literature, we investigate the
role of the cluster environment on the dust content of Virgo spiral galaxies.We
show for the first time that the extent of the dust disk is significantly
reduced in HI-deficient galaxies, following remarkably well the observed
'truncation' of the HI disk. The ratio of the submillimetre-to- optical
diameter correlates with the HI-deficiency, suggesting that the cluster
environment is able to strip dust as well as gas. These results provide
important insights not only into the evolution of cluster galaxies but also
into the metal enrichment of the intra-cluster medium.Comment: Letter accepted for publication in A&A (Herschel special issue
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