Preliminary site report for the 2005 ICDP-USGS deep corehole in the Chesapeake Bay impact crater

First report for the ICDP-USGS 1.7-km-deep corehole drilled into the central part of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater during 2005

Anything, Everything

A text about the struggle of writing the text. A journey through personal views on humanity, perspective, art and contemporary life

Capability Assessment of Indoor Positioning Systems

Location systems are seen as a promising technology for tracking people and objects to improve efficiency and quality in the healthcare domain. To increase the chances of success when introducing this new technology there are certain operational capabilities that need to be understood. The purpose of this Thesis is to explore how these operational capabilities can be assessed by experiment. The thesis proposes a method for describing the operational capabilities of a location system using a two-dimensional matrix of purposes of location systems in the healthcare domain, as found in literature. Using this matrix it is possible to assess and predict the requirements for a location system based on a classification of the purpose of the installation. Conversely it is possible to use the same matrix to find purposes that can be solved with a given location system. Using the Sonitor Indoor Positioning System it was also demonstrated how the operational capabilities of a location system could be found through a series of small low cost and low effort experiments. In conclusion three dimensions relating to operational capabilities were identified: granularity, resolution, and concurrency. Granularity and concurrency were shown to be successfully assessed through experiment, while resolution was found analytically. We also found a method to predict the impact of infrastructure size on the operational capability of the location system based on the same small experiments

Allocation of Capacity for aFRR Exchange on NordLink

A growing share of intermittent power production leads to challenges in power system balancing and requires improvement of system regulation capability. Cross-zonal exchange of balancing services is a step towards harmonized European balancing markets and an instrument to meet these challenges. In order to exchange balancing services, reservation of cross-zonal capacity(CZC) should be executed. The allocation of CZC for exchange of balancing services should maximize social surplus. A market-based reservation model is one of the methods, described by the Network Code on Electricity Balancing, in which socioeconomic efficiency of the reservation of CZC can be demonstrated. In a market-based reservation model the marginal value of the CZC in the different markets are compared, to decide on a reservation volume that maximizes social surplus. Simulations with case studies in a marked-based reservation model was performed,with the aim of quantifying the possibility of cross-zonal automatic frequency restoration reserves(aFRR) capacity exchange. The simulations in the marked-based reservation model was performed with weekly auctions on aFRR. Six different case studies were developed; three historical case studies and three future case studies. Each of the case studies was developed by generating aFRR bid curves, using a regression model and historical aFRR bid prices. Historical Day-ahead market(DAM) prices were used for the historical case studies, while the future case studies used DAM prices simulated in Samlast and BID. Socioeconomic benefit was demonstrated for all the case studies when simulated in the market-based reservation model. Germany was the main provider of aFRR for all the case studies. The latter result contradicts the expectations provided in a qualitative analysis of the thesis, in which Norway was considered to have a competitive advantage in providing aFRR. The main reason for the simulation results appear to be non-representative inputs of aFRR bids. The aFRR market designs in Norway and Germany are too different, resulting in the distribution of the cost of offering aFRR appears to be shifted in opposite direction between energy and capacity bids. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to study the effect of market development in the direction expected in the qualitative assessment. The results showed that if Norwegian aFRR capacity bids became cheaper than German aFRR capacity bids, increasing the price difference between the countries leads to an increasing socioeconomic benefit

Molekylære ferroelektriske plastiske krystaller : beregningsbasert modellering og oppdagelse

In recent years, ferroelectric molecular crystals, specifically those with globular molecules, have gained interest due to their rapid ferroelectric switching, high Curie temperatures, and multiaxial ferroelectricity. These materials can host mesophases characterized by an orientational disorder of their molecular species. Close-packed mesophase materials can be malleable and ductile, and are thus called plastic crystals. Their unique mechanical properties are enabled by numerous slip planes and broken intermolecular bonds due to molecular rotation. This thesis focuses on the computational discovery and modeling of mesophase molecular ferroelectrics. While there is some insight into the ferroelectric mechanisms in plastic crystals, their piezoelectric mechanisms are less explored. Density functional theory (DFT) computations for a selection of known ferroelectrics found that materials composed of globular species showed sizable shear piezoelectric responses due to molecular rotations under strain. Systems with higher hydrogen-bond density show smaller responses, as these bonds can hinder rotation. The plastic crystals displayed small dielectric responses and large compliance, resulting in a large electromechanical coupling factor and thus potential for energy harvesting application. A combined experimental and theoretical study of tetraethylammonium bromotrichloroferrite found that the material exhibits a small and stable piezoelectric response, which together with the small elastic moduli makes the material inhabiting a unique parameter space. Despite the growing interest, there are still fairly few reported ferroelectric molecular crystals. This motivated a screening study of the Cambridge Structural Database to identify ferroelectrics likely to display a disordered mesophase. Crystal structures, molecular geometry, and hydrogen-bond patterns were investigated to find materials that allow for molecular reorientation. Out of the 75 materials identified, 54 had not been studied for ferroelectric and related properties earlier. Furthermore, 20 of these were found likely to exhibit a plastic mesophase. DFT computations predicted spontaneous polarization above 10 µC/cm 2 for 17 materials with room-temperature ferroelectric phases, making them promising for technological applications. To gain an understanding of the dynamical disorder in molecular ferroelectrics, we employed a machine-learned force field (MLFF) to study the temperature-dependent behavior of HdaboClO4 . The molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provided a prediction of the thermal expansion and molecular reorientation in line with experimental measurements. MLFFs can give insight into chemical reactions, as they do not demand pre-defined bonding patterns. This enabled the study of proton transfer, revealing both an increasing transfer frequency at elevated temperatures and the change in orientation of hydrogen-bonded chains of Hdabco + molecules. The combination of DFT and MD with MLFFs makes a well-equipped toolbox to investigate the ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and dynamical properties of this promising group of materials. Combining these approaches with database screening can accelerate the development of materials for technological applications.De siste årene har interessesen for ferroelektriske molekylkrystaller økt på grunn av rask veksling i retning av polariseringen, høy Curie temperatur, og multiaksiell ferroelektrisitet. Disse materialene kan ha mesofaser karakterisert av at molekylene i materialene har orientell uorden. Tettpakkede mesofasematerialer kan være formbare og duktile, og kalles derfor plastiske krystaller. Disse unike mekaniske egenskapene muliggjøres av et høyt antall glideplan og brutte intermolekylære bindinger på grunn av molekylær rotasjon. Denne avhandlingen omhandler beregningsbasert oppdagelse og modellering av ferroelektriske molekylære mesofasematerialer. Mens det finnes noe kunnskap om de ferroelektriske mekanismene i plastiske krystaller mangler det innsikt i de piezoelektriske mekanismene. Beregninger med tetthetsfunksjonalteori (DFT) for et utvalg kjente ferroelektriske materialer viste at materialer sammensatt av sfæriske specier utviste betydelig piezoelektrisk respons under skjærbelastning. Dette er mulig fordi molekylene roterer under denne belastningen. Systemer med en høyere tetthet av hydrogenbindinger utviser en lavere respons, da disse bindingene kan hindre rotasjon. En kombinert eksperimentell og teoretisk studie av tetraetylammonium bromtrikloroferritt fant at materialet har en lav, men stabil piezoelektrisk respons som sammen med de lave elastiske koeffesientene gir en unik kombinasjon av egenskaper. På tross av den økende interessen er det fremdeles ganske få rapporterte ferroelektriske molekylkrystaller. Dette motiverte en screening studie av Cambridge Structural Database for å identifisere ferroelektriske materialer som sannsynlig har en uordnet mesofase. Krystallstrukturer, molekylær geometri og hydrogenbindingsmønstre ble undersøkt for å finne materialer som tillater reorientering av molekyler. Av de 75 materialene som ble identifisert var det 54 som ikke hadde blitt studert for ferroelektrisitet og relaterte egenskaper tidligere. Videre ble 20 av disse materialene vurdert til å sannsynlig være plastiske krystaller. DFT-beregninger predikerte at 17 av materialene med en ferroelektrisk fase ved romtemperatur har spontan polarisering større enn 10 µC/cm 2 , noe som gjør dem lovende for teknologiske anvendelser. For å få en dypere forståelse av den dynamiske uordenen i molekylære ferroelektriske materialer benyttet vi et maskinlært kraftfelt (MLFF) for å undersøke de temperaturavhengige egenskapene til HdabcoClO 4 . Molekyldynamikk-simuleringene (MD) ga prediksjoner av termisk ekspansjon og molekylær re-orientasjon som stemte overens med eksperimentelle målinger. MLFF kan brukes til å undersøke kjemiske reaksjoner, da de ikke krever et predefinert mønster av kjemiske bindinger. Dette gjorde at det var mulig å undersøke protonoverføring i materialet, og viste både økende frekvens av protonoverføring med økende temperatur samt endringer i orienteringen av hydrogenbundede kjeder av Hdabco+ -molekyler. Kombinasjonen av DFT og MD med MLFF gir en velutstyrt verktøykasse for å undersøke de ferroelektriske, piezoelektriske og dynamiske egenskapene til denne lovende klassen av materialer. Ved å kombinere disse metodene med database-screening kan utviklingen av materialer for teknologiske anvendelser akselereres

Species composition, distribution and ecology of the demersal fish community along the Norwegian coast north of Stad under varying environmental conditions

In the last decades, temperatures of the Atlantic current that enters the Norwegian Coastal Current (NCC) has been above the yearly average, with 2007 as the warmest registration on record (Skagseth 2012). The climatic changes in recent years are likely to have large-scale ecological consequences for the marine demersal fish-populations, especially in arctic latitudes. Many studies have been conducted in areas of the Barents Sea related to the community structure of marine fish, while little is still known about these changes in areas bordering the Norwegian Sea. This study uses catch and CTD data collected in both coastal areas/inner fjords and open ocean bank areas between Stad (62 oN) and Varanger (71.3 oN) by The Institute of Marine Research (IMR) from 1995, 2005 and 2017. This thesis investigates the changes found in distribution, composition and species richness in areas of the Norwegian coast for 86 marine demersal fish from 33 different families in the last 20 years and represent an essential knowledge baseline about both commercial and non-commercial species in this area that has previously been an area of little focus. The data show that there has been marked northward shifts in spatial distribution for the majority of species. Many increased clearly in abundance at high latitudes in the warmer years, hinting at more favourable conditions due to climate change, which are leading species to become more established in these areas. Such trends are most pronounced for large, boreal generalist such as cod (Gadus morhua), Norway redfish (Sesbastes viviparus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). A large number of demersal species have been registered in 2005 and 2017 that were not present along the Norwegian coast in 1995. There has also been an observed shift for many species to move further from the coast, and into open ocean areas in more recent years. The trends observed are overall consistent with the recorded increases in temperatures of the same years, supporting a claim of a large-scale climate related changes in distribution and abundance. Finally, the data revealed that species composition has changed significantly on a south-north gradient between the years. Species composition from 1995 to 2017 was also found being significantly (p<0.05) related to the changes (i.e. increase) in temperature, fishing depth and the eight subareas investigated along the Norwegian coast.Masteroppgave i biologiBIO399MAMN-BI

Trophodynamics of Protomyctophum (Myctophidae) in the Scotia Sea (Southern Ocean)

This study investigated spatial and temporal patterns in distribution, population structure and diet of Bolin's lanternfish Protomyctophum bolini, Tenison's lanternfish Protomyctophum tenisoni and gaptooth lanternfish Protomyctophum choriodon in the Scotia Sea using data collected by midwater trawl during spring, summer and autumn. Protomyctophum bolini was the most abundant species of the genus encountered throughout the Scotia Sea with the greatest concentrations occurring around the Antarctic Polar Front (APF). This species had a life cycle of 2+ years, but spatial differences in population structure were apparent as the I-group was absent from all regions south of the APF, suggesting that the species does not recruit in the Scotia Sea. Protomyctophum tenisoni occurred mostly in waters characteristic of the APF and was absent from the southern Scotia Sea. It had a limited size range, but there was clear size-related sexual dimorphism with males significantly larger than females. The species had a life cycle of c. 2 years, but the I-group (c. 1 year old, 1 November to 31 October the next year) occurred only in regions close to the APF suggesting that recruitment is restricted to these waters. A seasonal southward migration for P. choriodon is likely as the species occurred mostly to the south-west of South Georgia in summer, but extended to the sea-ice sectors in autumn. Protomyctophum choriodon had a life cycle of 4+ years in the Scotia Sea and the population was dominated by age classes >3 years old. Larval stages were absent during the surveys for all species. Diurnal variations in vertical distribution were apparent for all three species. Interspecific variations in diet were evident, but all species were primarily copepod feeders, with Metridia spp., Rhincalanus gigas and Calanus simillimus generally dominating their diet. Small euphausiids, principally Thysanoessa spp., were also an important component of their diets, particularly for P. choriodon which had the largest body size. The spatial and temporal variations in diet for both P. bolini and P. tenisoni were broadly consistent with underlying abundance patterns within the mesozooplankton community

Tilbakeføring av barn etter omsorgsovertakelse. Om nyere praksis fra EMD og Høyesterett har hatt betydning for tolkningen av vilkårene i bvl. § 4-21

Formålet med oppgaven er å se om nyere praksis fra EMD og Høyesterett har medført endringer ved tolkning av vilkårene om tilbakeføring etter bvl. § 4-21. Med nyere praksis menes det hovedsakelig avgjørelser fra tiden mellom 2018 og 2020. Det skal sees nærmere på behandlingsprosessen av myndighetene i saker som gjelder omsorgsovertakelse og tilbakeføring, hvordan rettspraksis tolker vilkårene for tilbakeføring, og hvordan de vektlegger relevante hensyn og prinsipper

Paleocene methane seep and wood-fall marine environments from Spitsbergen, Svalbard

A recently discovered Paleocene seep locality from Fossildalen on Spitsbergen, Svalbard, is described. This is one of a very few seep communities of the latest Cretaceous–earliest Palaeogene age, and the best preserved Paleocene seep community known so far. The seep carbonates and associated fossils have been first identified in museum collections, and subsequently sampled in the field. The carbonates are exclusively ex-situ and come from the offshore siltstones of the Basilika Formation. Isotopically light composition (δ13C values approaching -50‰ V-PDB), and characteristic petrographic textures of the carbonates combined with the isotopically light archaeal lipid are consistent with the formation at fossil hydrocarbon seep. The invertebrate fauna associated with the carbonates is of moderate diversity (16 species) and has a shallow water affinity. It contains a species of the thyasirid genus Conchocele, common in other seeps of that age. The finding sheds new light onto the history of seepage on Svalbard, and onto the evolution and ecology of seep faunas during the latest Cretaceous–earliest Palaeogene time interval

Performance som inngangsport til undervisning i fargelære

Denne masteroppgåva ser på mogelegheitene for å redusere læraren si verbale rolle, og å invitere elevane til større deltaking gjennom å nytte seg av performance som inngangsport til fargelære. Oppgåva har søkt kunnskap om dette emnet gjennom å bruke sensorisk etnografi og multisensorisk deltaking som metode. Masteroppgåva stiller det overordna forskingsspørsmålet : Korleis kan materialitet i ein performance fungere performativt for barn i arbeid med fargefortellingar og fargelære? Og ser videre på analysespørsmåla : Kva kvalitetar er viktige i ein slik performance? Korleis verkar dette performativt i ein slik praksis? Spørsmåla vert utforska gjennom utforming og gjennomføringa av eit undervisningsopplegg som tar utgangspunkt i ein performance, og vidare blir det teke i bruk diffraktiv analyse for å svare på spørsmåla. Denne oppgåva utgjer eit bidrag i den post-kvalitative og kunstbaste performative forskinga, og beveger seg i retning av ein nymaterialistisk ontologi. Den legg fram mogelegheitene for performativt læring, med steinerpedagogikken og Goethes fargelære som inspirasjon, og gjennom å nytte seg av performance som sjanger. Forskingsprosjektet har avdekka verdifulle innsikter i korleis det verbale i undervisinga kan reduserast, gjennom at vi anerkjenner agentar rundt oss, og lar dei fungere som læremeistrar saman med oss.This master's thesis looks into the possibilities to reduce the teacher's verbal role, and to invite the students to greater participation by making use of performance as a gateway to color education. To gain knowledge of this topic sensory ethnography, and multisensory participation is chosen as a method. The master thesis asks the overall research question: How can materiality in a performance work performatively for children working with color stories and color theory? And looking further at the analysis question: What qualities are important in such a performance? How does this work performatively in such a practice? The question will be explored through the design and implementation of a teaching program based on a performance, and further on a diffractive analysis is used to answer the research questions. This assignment makes a contribution to post-qualitative and art-based performative research and moves in the direction of a neo-materialist ontology. It presents the possibilities for performative learning, with Rudolf Steiner pedagogy and Goethe's color theory as inspiration, and by making use of performance as a genre. The research project has revealed valuable insights into how the verbal aspect of teaching can be reduced, by recognizing the agents around us, and allowing them to act as teachers together with us