De la cellule au primate, propagation physiopathologique de la protéine Tau

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein mainly expressed in neurons. There are six different isoforms of this protein bearing either 3 or 4 microtubule-binding domains and called 3R-Tau or 4R-Tau. During the course of tauopathies, Tau proteins are abnormally modified and aggregate in specific intracellular lesions called neurofibrillary degeneration (NFD). According to tauopathies, the morphology of lesions, their isoforms’ composition and the spatiotemporal evolution of the pathology are different. Moreover, tauopathies are mostly sporadic but some mutations on Tau gene (MAPT) induce rare forms of familial fronto-temporal dementia. In some sporadic tauopathies like Alzheimer’s disease, the NFD is initiated in specific brain areas and evolves stereotypically in well-defined neuropathological stages. The mechanisms underlying such evolutions are mainly unknown but recently, different studies had proposed that some pathological species of Tau protein are able to actively move from region-to-region following neuro-anatomical connections and to spread the Tau pathology intra-cerebrally by this way.Within this context, we have demonstrated either in vitro using a microfluidic chamber system or in vivo using a new rat model, that Tau proteins are actively and physiologically transferred from cell-to-cell. Interestingly, in this model we could also follow the development of the Tau pathology inside the rats’ hippocampus but also its propagation from region-to-region. This model is based on a viral vector technology; therefore, we were able to test different construct and to show that surprisingly, Tau pathology induced by mutated or 3R-Tau species is restricted to the vicinity of the initiation site and do not propagate as far as the wild-type 4R-Tau species.Tau proteins as well as NFD are cell-to-cell propagating but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still unknown. In order to address this point and knowing the significance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the intercellular communication mechanisms, we analysed their implication in the transfer of Tau proteins. We purified EVs in vitro from culture supernatants but also in vivo from primates’ cerebrospinal fluid samples and rats’ cerebral interstitial fluid samples. We demonstrated that Tau proteins are secreted physiologically in a free form but also within specific EVs named ectosomes and coming from a budding of the plasma membrane. Also, it seems that when Tau is overexpressed and when NFD is present, Tau proteins are retrieved within EVs named exosomes and derived from the endosomes/lysosomes pathway.These results clearly show that Tau proteins are propagating from neuron to neuron physiologically but also during pathological processes. It seems also that some specific Tau species are more prone to propagate than others. These differences could partly contribute to the different phenotypes observed among tauopathies. We have also demonstrated that Tau proteins are secreted via several pathways of secretion that could reflect different pathophysiological stages. Some complementary studies are needed particularly to 1- clearly identify the cellular mechanisms of Tau exit and entry. 2- to understand if some Tau species will specifically induce Tau pathology in secondary neurons and if it is possible to block this phenomenon thanks to targeted therapy. And 3- to identify the reasons that explain the vulnerability of some specific cell populations to Tau pathology propagation.Tau est une protéine stabilisatrice des microtubules majoritairement exprimée au niveau neuronal qui existe en six isoformes différentes appelées isoformes 3R ou 4R en fonction de l’inclusion de 3 ou 4 séquences répétées dans leur domaine de liaison aux microtubules. Dans une vingtaine de pathologies neurodégénératives appelées tauopathies, des protéines Tau anormalement modifiées s’agrègent formant des lésions intracellulaires appelées dégénérescence neurofibrillaire (DNF). Selon les tauopathies, la morphologie des lésions, leur composition en isoformes ainsi que l’évolution spatio-temporelle de la pathologie diffèrent. Dans la plupart des cas, les tauopathies sont sporadiques mais quelques mutations du gène codant Tau (MAPT) causent des formes familiales de démences fronto-temporales. Dans certaines tauopathies sporadiques comme la maladie d’Alzheimer, la DNF est initiée dans des régions spécifiques et évolue ensuite de manière stéréotypée. Ces stades neuropathologiques sont bien définis, mais les mécanismes expliquant cette évolution restent méconnus. Récemment, certaines études ont proposé que des espèces pathologiques de la protéine Tau sont capables de se déplacer activement de région en région suivant des connections neuro-anatomiques propageant ainsi la pathologie Tau dans le cerveau.Dans ce contexte, nous avons démontré à la fois in vitro, en utilisant un système de chambre microfluidique mais également in vivo dans un nouveau modèle de rat, que la protéine Tau est activement et physiologiquement transférée de cellule en cellule. De manière intéressante, la pathologie Tau qui se développe dans l’hippocampe des rats se propage également de région en région. Ce modèle étant basé sur une technologie de vectorisation virale, nous avons pu tester différentes constructions pour montrer qu’étonnamment, la pathologie Tau induite par des espèces mutées ou des isoformes 3R est restreinte autour du site d’initiation et ne propage pas aussi loin que pour les espèces sauvages 4R. La protéine Tau ainsi que la DNF se propagent donc de cellules en cellules mais les mécanismes expliquant cette propagation restent inconnus. Pour aborder cette question, et connaissant l’importance des vésicules extracellulaires (EVs) dans les mécanismes de communication intercellulaire, nous avons analysé leur implication dans le transfert de la protéine Tau. Nous avons purifié des EVs in vitro depuis des surnageants de culture mais également in vivo depuis des échantillons de liquide céphalorachidien de primates ainsi que des échantillons de fluide interstitiel cérébral de rat. Nous avons ainsi démontré que la protéine Tau est sécrétée de manière physiologique sous forme libre mais également au sein de EVs issues du bourgeonnement de la membrane plasmique nommées ectosomes. Il apparaît aussi qu’en cas de surexpression ou de présence de DNF, la protéine Tau est retrouvée dans des exosomes, des EVs issues de la voie endosomes/lysosomes.Ces résultats nous montrent que la protéine Tau se propage de neurone en neurone physiologiquement mais aussi durant des processus pathologiques. Il semble aussi exister des espèces particulières de protéine Tau plus promptes à se propager que d’autres. Ces différences pourraient en partie expliquer les différents phénotypes observés au sein des tauopathies. Nous avons aussi démontré que la protéine Tau est sécrétée via plusieurs voies de sécrétions qui pourraient refléter différents stades physiopathologiques. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires notamment pour 1-clairement identifier les mécanismes de sortie et d’entrée de Tau dans les neurones. 2-comprendre si certaines espèces vont spécifiquement induire la pathologie dans les neurones secondaires et s’il est possible de les bloquer grâce à des thérapies ciblées. Et 3-identifier les raisons qui expliquent les vulnérabilités de certaines populations cellulaires

Describing many-body bosonic waveguide scattering with the truncated Wigner method

We consider quasi-stationary scattering of interacting bosonic matter waves in one-dimensional waveguides, as they arise in guided atom lasers. We show how the truncated Wigner (tW) method, which corresponds to the semiclassical description of the bosonic many-body system on the level of the diagonal approximation, can be utilized in order to describe such many-body bosonic scattering processes. Special emphasis is put on the discretization of space at the exact quantum level, in order to properly implement the semiclassical approximation and the tW method, as well as on the discussion of the results to be obtained in the continuous limit.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Rate of tau propagation is a heritable disease trait in genetically diverse mouse strains.

The speed and scope of cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer\u27s disease is highly associated with the advancement of tau neurofibrillary lesions across brain networks. We tested whether the rate of tau propagation is a heritable disease trait in a large, well-characterized cohort of genetically divergent mouse strains. Using an AAV-based model system, P301L-mutant human tau (hTau) was introduced into the entorhinal cortex of mice derived from 18 distinct lines. The extent of tau propagation was measured by distinguishing hTau-producing cells from neurons that were recipients of tau transfer. Heritability calculation revealed that 43% of the variability in tau spread was due to genetic variants segregating across background strains. Strain differences in glial markers were also observed, but did not correlate with tau propagation. Identifying unique genetic variants that influence the progression of pathological tau may uncover novel molecular targets to prevent or slow the pace of tau spread and cognitive decline

American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis: Is Antimonial Treatment Outcome Related to Parasite Drug Susceptibility?

BackgroundAntimonials are the first drug of choice for the treatment of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL); however, their efficacy is not predictable, and this may be linked to parasite drug resistance. We aimed to characterize the in vitro antimony susceptibility of clinical isolates of Peruvian patients with ATL who were treated with sodium stibogluconate and to correlate this in vitro phenotype with different treatment outcomes MethodsThirty-seven clinical isolates were obtained from patients with known disease and treatment histories. These isolates were typed, and the susceptibility of intracellular amastigotes to pentavalent (SbV) and trivalent (SbIII) antimonials was determined ResultsWe observed 29 SbV-resistant isolates among 4 species of subgenus Viannia most of which exhibited primary resistance; isolates resistant only to SbIII; and 3 combinations of in vitro phenotypes: (1) parasites sensitive to both drugs, (2) parasites resistant to both drugs, and (3) parasites resistant to SbV only (the majority of isolates fell into this category). There was no correlation between in vitro susceptibility to both antimonials and the clinical outcome of therapy ConclusionAntimony insensitivity might occur in a stepwise fashion (first to SbV and then to SbIII). Our data question the definition of true parasite resistance to antimonials. Further studies of treatment efficacy should apply standardized protocols and definitions and should also consider host factor

Lack of trust in maternal support is associated with negative interpretations of ambiguous maternal behavior

Attachment theory assumes that children who lack trust in maternal availability for support are more inclined to interpret maternal behavior in congruence with their expectation that mother will remain unavailable for support. To provide the first test of this assumption, early adolescents (9-13 years old) were asked to assess whether ambiguous interactions with mother should be interpreted in a positive or a negative way. In our sample (n = 322), results showed that early adolescents' lack of trust in their mother's availability for support was related to more negative interpretations of maternal behavior. The associations remained significant after controlling for depressive mood. The importance of these findings for our understanding of attachment theory, attachment stability, and clinical practice are discussed

Growth of carbon nanotubes inside boron nitride nanotubes by coalescence of fullerenes: towards the world’s smallest co-axial cable

The use of boron nitride nanotubes as effective nanoscale containers for the confinement and thermal transformations of molecules of C60-fullerene has been demonstrated. The gas-phase insertion of fullerenes into the internal channel of boron nitride nanotubes yields quasi-one-dimensional arrays, with packing arrangements of the guest-fullerenes different to those in the bulk crystal and critically dependent on the internal diameter of the host-nanotube. Interestingly, the confined fullerene molecules (i) exhibit dynamic behaviour and temperature-dependant phase transitions analogous to that observed in the bulk crystal and (ii) can be effectively removed from within the internal channel of nanotubes by excessive sonication in organic solvent, indicating weak host-guest interactions. The thermal treatment of fullerenes confined within nanotubes at 1200 °C in argon triggers the polymerisation and coalescence of the guest-fullerenes into carbon nanotubes inside boron nitride nanotubes affording a hybrid nanostructure – the world’s smallest coaxial cable – on a preparative scale, as confirmed by high resolution bright field transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy, energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EELS, EFTEM) elemental mapping and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy

Circulating adrenomedullin estimates survival and reversibility of organ failure in sepsis: the prospective observational multinational Adrenomedullin and Outcome in Sepsis and Septic Shock-1 (AdrenOSS-1) study

Background: Adrenomedullin (ADM) regulates vascular tone and endothelial permeability during sepsis. Levels of circulating biologically active ADM (bio-ADM) show an inverse relationship with blood pressure and a direct relationship with vasopressor requirement. In the present prospective observational multinational Adrenomedullin and Outcome in Sepsis and Septic Shock 1 (, AdrenOSS-1) study, we assessed relationships between circulating bio-ADM during the initial intensive care unit (ICU) stay and short-term outcome in order to eventually design a biomarker-guided randomized controlled trial. Methods: AdrenOSS-1 was a prospective observational multinational study. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included organ failure as defined by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, organ support with focus on vasopressor/inotropic use, and need for renal replacement therapy. AdrenOSS-1 included 583 patients admitted to the ICU with sepsis or septic shock. Results: Circulating bio-ADM levels were measured upon admission and at day 2. Median bio-ADM concentration upon admission was 80.5 pg/ml [IQR 41.5-148.1 pg/ml]. Initial SOFA score was 7 [IQR 5-10], and 28-day mortality was 22%. We found marked associations between bio-ADM upon admission and 28-day mortality (unadjusted standardized HR 2.3 [CI 1.9-2.9]; adjusted HR 1.6 [CI 1.1-2.5]) and between bio-ADM levels and SOFA score (p < 0.0001). Need of vasopressor/inotrope, renal replacement therapy, and positive fluid balance were more prevalent in patients with a bio-ADM > 70 pg/ml upon admission than in those with bio-ADM ≤ 70 pg/ml. In patients with bio-ADM > 70 pg/ml upon admission, decrease in bio-ADM below 70 pg/ml at day 2 was associated with recovery of organ function at day 7 and better 28-day outcome (9.5% mortality). By contrast, persistently elevated bio-ADM at day 2 was associated with prolonged organ dysfunction and high 28-day mortality (38.1% mortality, HR 4.9, 95% CI 2.5-9.8). Conclusions: AdrenOSS-1 shows that early levels and rapid changes in bio-ADM estimate short-term outcome in sepsis and septic shock. These data are the backbone of the design of the biomarker-guided AdrenOSS-2 trial. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02393781. Registered on March 19, 2015

Brief Communication External globus pallidus stimulation modulates brain connectivity in Huntington's disease

Positron emission tomography with O-15-labeled water was used to study at rest the neurophysiological effects of bilateral external globus pallidus (GPe) deep brain stimulation in patients with Huntington's disease (HD). Five patients were compared with a control group in the on and off states of the stimulator. External globus pallidus stimulation decreased neuronal activity and modulated cerebral connectivity within the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry, the sensorimotor, and the default-mode networks. These data indicate that GPe stimulation modulates functional integration in HD patients in accordance with the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit model

Tau protein liquid–liquid phase separation can initiate tau aggregation

Abstract The transition between soluble intrinsically disordered tau protein and aggregated tau in neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease is unknown. Here, we propose that soluble tau species can undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) under cellular conditions and that phase‐separated tau droplets can serve as an intermediate toward tau aggregate formation. We demonstrate that phosphorylated or mutant aggregation prone recombinant tau undergoes LLPS, as does high molecular weight soluble phospho‐tau isolated from human Alzheimer brain. Droplet‐like tau can also be observed in neurons and other cells. We found that tau droplets become gel‐like in minutes, and over days start to spontaneously form thioflavin‐S‐positive tau aggregates that are competent of seeding cellular tau aggregation. Since analogous LLPS observations have been made for FUS, hnRNPA1, and TDP43, which aggregate in the context of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we suggest that LLPS represents a biophysical process with a role in multiple different neurodegenerative diseases